Table 3 Simulation setup of the SPV/DG hybrid system
System components | Parameters | Value |
|---|---|---|
Control parameters | Annual real interest rate | 3.25% |
Project lifetime | 20Â years | |
Dispatch strategy | Cyclic charging | |
Apply set point state of charge | 80% | |
Operating reserve: as percent of load, hourly load | 10% | |
Carbon emission penalty | $2.25/t | |
Diesel price | $0.7/L | |
SPV | Sizes considered | 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5Â kW |
Operational lifetime | 20Â years | |
Efficiency | 90% | |
System tracking | Two axis | |
Capital cost | $4/W | |
Replacement cost | $4/W | |
O&M cost per year | $0.01/W | |
DG | Sizes considered | 1, 2, 3, 4Â kW |
Operational lifetime | 25,000Â h | |
Intercept coeff. | 0.08Â L/h/kW | |
Capital cost | $0.66/W | |
Replacement cost | $0.66/W | |
O&M cost | $0.05/h | |
Inverter | Sizes considered | 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2Â kW |
Efficiency | 90% | |
Operational lifetime | 15Â years | |
Capital cost | $0.9/W | |
Replacement cost | $0.9/W | |
O&M cost per year | $0.01/W | |
Trojan L16P battery | Number of batteries | 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 |
Round trip efficiency | 85% | |
Minimum state of charge | 30% | |
Nominal voltage | 6Â V | |
Nominal current | 360Â Ah at 20Â h | |
Nominal capacity | 6 V × 360 Ah = 2.16 kWh | |
Lifetime throughput | 1,075 kWh | |
Max. charge rate | 1 A/Ah | |
Max. charge current | 18 A | |
Self-discharge rate | 0.1% per hour | |
Min. operational lifetime | 5Â years | |
Capital cost | $300 | |
Replacement cost | $300 | |
O&M cost per year | $10 |