Fig. 2

Markov chains of the two-dimensional stochastic process. This figure describes the discrete-time Markov chains of the two-dimensional stochastic process {s(t), b(t)}. s(t) is the stochastic process of the node's backoff order, while b(t) is the stochastic process of the node's backoff time counter at moment t. The data frames conflict at a constant and independent probability p. \(W_{i}\) (i = 0, 1, 2, …m) is the size of backoff window, where m is equal to the number of retransmissions, m ∈ [0, M], and M is the maximum backoff order