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Table 1 Mobility management flows

From: Adaptive transport layer protocol for highly dynamic environment

Seamless mobility

Mobility of vehicles should be seamless regardless of vehicle’s location and wireless technology[1, 11]. Moreover, accessibility and service continuity should be guaranteed

Fast handover

Fast handover is needed for delay sensitive ITS applications (e.g., safety, Internet access, etc.). Fast handover is also a crucial requirement for wireless networks with small coverage area (e.g., WiFi network), since the vehicle with high speed spends short period of time at each point of attachment (e.g., Base station). Consequently high handover rate

IPv6 support

The global reachability requires a comprehensive reliable routable IP address for each MN. IPv6 with large address space can support a unique address for all mobile devices in the vehicles. In addition, IPv6 also has better support of security and quality of service (QoS) which are the necessary requirements of ITS applications

High mobility speed

The Internet access is expected to be constantly connected regardless of the movement speed. It is highly desirable to make these contents available and reliable regardless of time, place, fixed, or mobile. As the speed of vehicle increases, the successful probability of handover decreases as the handover execution time is increased

Movement detection

Vehicle needs to detect the availability of different types of access networks (e.g., WiMAX base station) known as data link layer handover (L2), and obtain addresses in these networks for communication

Location management

Location management scheme, which deals with the storage, maintenance, and retrieval of MN location information, is needed in VANETs [12]