Table 2 Constants of the energy model (19)

k ₁

$2P_{\text{syn}}{T}_{\text{tr}}-2\frac{V_{\text{dd}}{I}_o}{f_{\text{APU}}}{N}_r{N}_t{c}_{\text{sum}}$

$2P_{\text{syn}}{T}_{\text{tr}}+\frac{V_{\text{dd}}{I}_o}{f_{\text{APU}}}{N}_t\left[9c_{\text{sum}}+(4N_r+14)c_{\text{prod}}+2c_{\text{div}}\right]$

k ₂

$T_s({\check{P}}_{\text{el,tx}}+N_r{\check{P}}_{\text{el,rx}}+2P_{\text{syn}})+\frac{4V_{\text{dd}}{I}_o{N}_r}{f_{\text{APU}}}\left(c_{\text{sum}}+c_{\text{prod}}\right)$

$T_s({\check{P}}_{\text{el,tx}}+N_r{\check{P}}_{\text{el,rx}}+2P_{\text{syn}})+\frac{4V_{\text{dd}}{I}_o{N}_r}{f_{\text{APU}}}(c_{\text{sum}}+c_{\text{prod}})$

k ₃

$T_s\frac{\xi }{\eta }$

$T_s\frac{\xi }{\eta }$

k ₄

$\frac{A{d}^{\alpha }{\sigma }_n^2{N}_r{N}_t^2}{{\epsilon }_{\text{max}}}$

$\frac{A{d}^{\alpha }{\sigma }_n^2{N}_r}{{\epsilon }_{\text{max}}}(N_t^2-{\epsilon }_{\text{max}})$