Table 2 Simulation parameters

Sensor field

2,000 m × 2,000 m

Radio-propagation model

Two ray ground

Number of packets

1,000 packets

Size of packet

512 bytes

Packet generation rate

512 bytes/s

Radio type

802.11b

MAC protocol

802.11

Mobility model

Random waypoint group

Nodes’ average speed

1 to 5 m/s

Initial energy of nodes

1 J

E _{e l e c}

50 nJ/bit

ε _{m p}

0.0013 pJ/bit/m ⁴

Simulation time

7,000 s