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Table 1 Summary of the approach that was discussed

From: Energy optimisation of hybrid off-grid system for remote telecommunication base station deployment in Malaysia

Year of publication

Hybrid resources

Storage and support system

Cellular generation

Case study

2009 [14]

Photovoltaic

Battery

GSM

India

Wind

Fuel cell

Diesel generator

2010 [9]

Photovoltaic

Battery

GSM

India

Wind

Diesel generator

UMTS

2012 [8]

Photovoltaic

Battery

GSM

India

Wind

Polar DC generator

CDMA

2012 [2]

Photovoltaic

Battery

GSM

Congo

Wind

Diesel generator

2012 [12]

Photovoltaic

Battery

GSM

Bangladesh

Diesel generator

2013 [10]

Photovoltaic

Battery

GSM

Nigeria

Diesel generator

2013 [13]

Photovoltaic

Battery

GSM

Spain

Wind

Diesel generator

2013 [6]

Photovoltaic

Battery

GSM

Nepal

Wind

Fuel cell

CDMA

Diesel generator

2013 [15]

Photovoltaic

Battery

GSM

Nigeria

Hydro turbine

Diesel generator

2013 [11]

Photovoltaic

Battery

GSM

Pakistan

Diesel generator