Table 1 Summary of the recent energy-efficient approaches for all layers

Application layer

Energy-aware usage of web services

Energy-aware mobile application designs

Periodic real-time applications

Transport layer

Energy-efficient TCP protocols

Network layer

Switching-off underutilized network devices

Reducing energy consumption in data centers

Energy-efficient approaches for mobile ad hoc

networks

Energy-efficient approaches for wireless sensor

networks

Data link layer

Energy-efficient MAC protocols

Energy-efficient scheduling

Physical layer

Energy-efficient power amplifiers

Energy-efficient modulation schemes