Table 3 Simulation parameters

Propagation model

Indoor-indoor

Winner II A1

Indoor-outdoor

Winner II A2

Outdoor-outdoor

Winner II C2

Outdoor-indoor

Winner II C4

Base station model

EIRP

3 (small cells)/43 (macro) dBm

Directivity

Omni (small)/tri-sector (macro)

Access

Open (small)/open (macro)

Mobile station model

Noise figure

9 dB

Noise density

−174dBm/Hz

Traffic model

Calls

Poisson (avg. 0.43calls/user·h)

Duration

Exponential (avg. 100 s)

Mobility model

Outdoor

3 km/h, random direction, and wrap-around

Indoor

Random waypoint

Service model

Voice over IP

16 kbps

Full buffer

RRM model

Bandwidth

1.4 MHz (6 PRBs)

Access control

Directed retry (threshold = −44dBm)

Cell reselection

Criteria S, R

Handover

Events A3, A5

Scheduler

Voice: round-robin best channel

Full buffer: proportional fair

Time resolution

100 ms

Load balancing algorithm

Epoch time

60 s