Table 2 Simulation parameters

E _O

0.5

Initial energy (J)

D _COM

100

Communication duration (ms)

ε _T

0.0511

Power consumption of transmission (W)

ε _R

0.0588

Power consumption of reception (W)

ε _S

2.4 × 10⁻⁷

Power consumption of sleeping (W)

r

80

The transmission range of a node (m)

D _B

0.26

Preamble duration (ms)

D _ACK

0.26

Acknowledge window duration (ms)

D _P

0.93

Packet duration (ms)