Outdoor location tracking of mobile devices in cellular networks

Trogh, Jens; Plets, David; Surewaard, Erik; Spiessens, Mathias; Versichele, Mathias; Martens, Luc; Joseph, Wout

doi:10.1186/s13638-019-1459-4

EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking

Table 2 Accuracy, number of positioning updates, and average time and distance between two consecutive location updates, per scenario and algorithm

From: Outdoor location tracking of mobile devices in cellular networks

Scenario	Algorithm	μ [m]	σ [m]	50th [m]	95th [m]	#Updates [-]	Update time [s]	Update distance [m]
1. Urban, on foot, 8 km, 5 km/h, standby	Cell-ID	410	287	342	1006	96	51	76
	Centroid	333	226	276	767
	TE	270	338	150	744
	AMT-RT	150	95	125	351
	AMT-NTC	126	76	119	262
	PF	165	112	139	391
2. Urban, on foot, 8 km, 5 km/h, streaming	Cell-ID	453	324	390	1042	234	21	32
	Centroid	349	240	292	791
	TE	205	208	151	517
	AMT-RT	141	82	130	325
	AMT-NTC	128	82	115	303
	PF	158	110	137	367
3. Urban, by bike, 8 km, 18 km/h, standby	Cell-ID	586	346	540	1127	48	32	150
	Centroid	426	270	407	923
	TE	246	223	172	611
	AMT-RT	189	139	158	452
	AMT-NTC	132	83	119	296
	PF	193	122	160	486
4. Urban, by bike, 8 km, 18 km/h, streaming	Cell-ID	380	238	305	880	55	26	127
	Centroid	277	169	226	644
	TE	187	254	150	384
	AMT-RT	136	78	131	317
	AMT-NTC	122	80	112	301
	PF	147	103	131	331
5. Urban, by car, 39 km, 47 km/h, standby	Cell-ID	982	587	1030	2013	58	46	600
	Centroid	808	629	661	2013
	TE	441	486	290	1589
	AMT-RT	370	485	243	1311
	AMT-NTC	306	291	220	1012
	PF	471	425	372	1322
6. Urban, by car, 39 km, 47 km/h, streaming	Cell-ID	955	630	901	1989	91	33	411
	Centroid	780	549	645	1966
	TE	382	398	257	1093
	AMT-RT	336	431	241	844
	AMT-NTC	217	141	200	467
	PF	427	439	273	1181
7. Rural, on foot, 8 km, 5 km/h, standby	Cell-ID	1937	1388	1764	4096	92	66	81
	Centroid	1269	983	1056	3389
	TE	559	577	433	1469
	AMT-RT	336	268	276	955
	AMT-NTC	294	222	275	821
	PF	385	313	344	1176
8. Rural, by bike, 8 km, 22 km/h, standby	Cell-ID	2393	1310	2578	4096	37	36	196
	Centroid	1175	659	1100	2443
	TE	522	326	430	1309
	AMT-RT	305	166	311	709
	AMT-NTC	268	127	243	491
	PF	391	208	389	778
9. Rural, by car, 19 km, 41 km/h, standby	Cell-ID	1297	1131	972	3630	43	39	380
	Centroid	746	490	670	1803
	TE	488	594	308	1385
	AMT-RT	280	224	188	733
	AMT-NTC	188	186	129	589
	PF	401	357	280	904
10. Highway, by car, 48 km, 80 km/h, standby	Cell-ID	1059	702	1021	3096	59	35	775
	Centroid	833	537	790	1851
	TE	352	454	231	1224
	AMT-RT	235	232	167	826
	AMT-NTC	138	92	122	277
	PF	395	341	283	1253
Average over all scenarios	Cell-ID	1045	694	984	2298	81	38	283
	Centroid	700	475	612	1659
	TE	365	386	257	1032
	AMT-RT	248	220	197	682
	AMT-NTC	192	138	165	482
	PF	313	253	251	819

TE temporary estimation (phase I), AMT-RT real-time route mapping filter (phase II), AMT-NTC non-time-critical route mapping filter (phase II), PF particle filter

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