Fig. 1

SPC encoding diagram with N = 8 and A = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7}: The encoding direction is from bottom to top. The encoding process for information bits starts from right to left. Then, the encoding process for frozen bits is from left to right. The gray circles on the rightmost represent the information bits, and the black circles on the leftmost represent the frozen bits. The black arrow on the right represents the computing direction of the information bits. The black arrow on the left represents the computing direction of the frozen bits. The final outputs of the encoding are the value of the rightmost black circles