Fig. 7

End-to-end delay based on the number of vehicles. When the number of vehicles increases, end-to-end delay also increases. Applying the cuckoo metaheuristic algorithm to TIHOO has helped in the selection of the best route in a shorter time than the other two protocols. In contrast to F-ANT which is very slow to converge as a result of the ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO), TIHOO has a fast convergence rate and could identify the optimal route in a shorter time. Moreover, the intelligent configuration of the fitness function of this protocol and considering parameters such as available buffer have proved to be very useful in the deselection of congested routes. The selection of less busy routes has decreased end-to-end delays