Fig. 2
From: Performance optimization of LoRa nodes for the future smart city/industry
Markovian model of TDC. Markovian model for the TDC consumption/recharge scheme. A sensing cycle of T=5 s, a DC of 1%, and a TON=0.5 s have been considered in this representation. States indicate the stored TDC, expressed in milliseconds. When the node has enough TDC to transmit (that is, it is in a transmittable state where TDC = TDCMAX), transmissions are allowed (denoted in green). Otherwise, transmissions are not allowed (denoted in red)