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Table 2 The results of simulation experiment shows the experimental results of algorithms under 23 classical test functions

From: A parallel WOA with two communication strategies applied in DV-Hop localization method

Functions

PSO

WOA

PWOAS1

PWOAS2

 

Variable

Mean

Std

Mean

Std

Mean

Std

Mean

Std

f1

4.5605

1.3855

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

f2

1.3797

0.5837

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

f3

229.9638

82.4896

16688.7788

7451.7201

13130.7316

10546.7810

40145.5911

14069.4565

f4

4.0336

1.6993

24.4515

23.5916

8.8053

8.6350

21.2623

16.8674

f5

315.1561

321.8129

26.9425

0.4192

27.8217

0.3557

27.6622

0.3443

f6

3.8075

0.9867

0.0296

0.0820

0.3363

0.1341

0.6343

0.1736

f7

0.0155

0.0060

0.0012

0.0014

0.0004

0.0004

0.0007

0.0012

f8

− 6072.4240

993.0864

− 11573.0701

1321.1735

− 11506.4621

1336.0566

− 11875.2105

1047.5470

f9

32.2067

11.1819

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

f10

2.3598

0.4293

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

f11

1.0292

0.0278

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

f12

2.8108

1.3224

0.0033

0.0053

0.0262

0.0110

0.0322

0.0098

f13

0.4515

0.1489

0.0871

0.0743

0.7557

0.2191

0.7127

0.1860

f14

3.4962

2.4687

1.8806

2.4505

1.2957

0.6850

1.4281

0.7549

f15

0.0005

0.0001

0.0006

0.0003

0.0004

0.0001

0.0004

0.0001

f16

− 1.0316

0.0000

3.0000

0.0000

3.0000

0.0000

3.0000

0.0000

f17

0.3979

0.0000

0.3979

0.0000

0.3979

0.0000

0.3979

0.0000

f18

3.0000

0.0000

3.0000

0.0000

3.0000

0.0001

3.0000

0.0000

f19

− 3.8628

0.0000

− 3.8612

0.0021

− 3.8627

0.0001

− 3.8604

0.0027

f20

− 3.2705

0.0589

− 3.2580

0.0805

− 3.3053

0.0297

− 3.3132

0.0227

f21

− 59848

3.4916

− 8.7948

2.5021

− 9.3359

1.7403

− 9.2880

1.8933

f22

− 7.3279

3.5771

− 9.1361

2.5682

− 9.7599

1.5629

− 9.2930

2.1065

f23

− 7.2601

3.7989

− 8.5690

2.8175

− 9.3553

2.1174

− 9.0408

2.3611