Table 5 The positioning metrics
Citation | Location information | Absolute or relative | Topology | Communication technology | Calculating algorithms | Measurement techniques |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[129] | Physical | Relative | Remote - direct | Not reported | Proximity NN | DOA |
[82] | Symbolic | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
[89] | Physical | Absolute | Self-direct | Ultrasonic | Proximity | TOF |
[103] | Physical | Absolute | Remote-direct | GPS | Geometric-Trilateration | TDOF |
[90] | Physical and symbolic | Relative | Self-direct | Sonar | Dead reckoning | TOF |
[107] | Physical | Absolute | Self-direct | GPS | Geometric-Trilateration | TOA |
[108] | Physical | Relative | Remote-indirect | GPS | Geometric-Trilateration | TOA |
[84] | Physical | Relative | Remote – direct | GSM-Radio | KNN | RSS |
[26] | Physical | Relative | Remote-direct | GSM-Radio | Geometric-trilateration | TOA , TDOA |
[104] | Physical | Absolute | Self-direct | Infrared | Triangulation | TOF |
[88] | Physical | Absolute | Self-direct | Ultrasonic-infrared | Triangulation | TOF |
[105] | Symbolic | Relative | Self-direct | Wi-Fi | Proximity | RSS |
[79] | Physical | Relative and absolute | Remote-direct | Sonar and laser | Proximity - dead reckoning | TOF, AOD |
[91] | Symbolic | Relative | Remote-indirect | Wi-Fi | Fingerprint | RSS |
[37] | Physical | Relative | Remote-direct | ZigBee | Weighted COO | RSS |
[87] | Physical | Relative | Remote-direct | Wi-Fi | Proximity weighted average | SNR |
[93] | Physical | Relative | Self-direct | Wi-Fi | Proximity average | RSS |
[94] | Symbolic | Relative | Self-direct | Wi-Fi | Proximity average | RSS |
[135] | Physical | Absolute | Wi-Fi | Fingerprint | RSS | |
[95] | Physical | Relative | Remote-direct | ZigBee | Proximity weighted average | RSS |
[86] | Physical | Absolute | Remote-indirect | GSM-Radio | Generalized mean value | RSS, TOA, AOA |
[101] | Physical | Absolute | Self-direct | GSM-Radio | Cell of origin | RSS |
[96] | Not reported | Relative | Self-direct | Wi-Fi | Not reported | RSS |
[39] | Physical | Relative | Remote-direct | ZigBee | Fingerprint + KNN | RSS |
[62] | Physical | Absolute | Remote-direct | ZigBee | Fingerprint + weighted average | RSS |
[51] | Physical | Absolute | Remote-direct | GSM-Radio | Weighted average | RSS + TOA |
[98] | Physical | Relative | Self-direct | Wi-Fi | Fingerprint | RSS |
[136] | Physical | Relative | Self-direct | Sonar | Triangulation | AOA |
[147] | Physical | Absolute | Remote-direct | GSM-Radio | Triangulation | RSS |
[53] | Physical | Relative | Remote-direct | Infrared | Hop count | RSS |
[47] | Physical | Relative | Self-direct | Radio | Multi-lateration | RSS |
[137] | Symbolic | Relative | Self-direct | Wi-Fi | Fingerprint | RSS |
[99] | Physical | Relative | Remote-direct | Wi-Fi | Weighted kNN | RSS |
[106] | Physical | Relative | Remote | Wi-Fi | Weighted KNN | RSS |
[138] | Physical | Relative | Remote-direct | Wi-Fi | Weighted KNN + fingerprint | RSS |
[36] | Physical | Relative | Self-direct | Wi-Fi | Fingerprint | RSS |
[34] | Physical | Relative | Remote-direct | Wi-Fi | Fingerprint + weighted kNN | RSS |