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Table 1 Merits and demerits of various clustering protocols in WSNs

From: Hybrid WGWO: whale grey wolf optimization-based novel energy-efficient clustering for EH-WSNs

Clustering protocols

Merits

Demerits

Partition-based LEACH [24]

Improvement in network lifetime.

Unbalanced energy consumption.

Tree-Based Clustering (TBC) [23]

Improvement in packet delivery but only inside the clusters.

Energy consumption is uneven, higher delay.

Link-aware clustering mechanism (LCM) [22]

Reliable routes are discovered by considering link quality. Enhancement in network lifetime.

Communication overhead increases, excess energy consumption for re-clustering.

Enhanced threshold sensitive stable election protocol (ETSSEP) [21]

Improvement in network lifetime.

Reduction in packet delivery and network reliability performance.