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Table 1 Research focus and limitations of State of the Art LPWAN V2X architectures

From: LPWAN-based hybrid backhaul communication for intelligent transportation systems: architecture and performance evaluation

Research

Research focus

Limitation

LTE-M and NB-IoT technologies in ITS [16]

Gathering the data of air pollution in the ITS environment

Only consider the air pollutions data.

Very small data packets size

Zigbee and LTE-M based ITS applications [16]

The Bus Information and Schedules

Only focuses on the stationary data collection at the bus stations

LTE-M technology for ITS [17] and [18]

Communications network for urban rail transit systems

Focuses on stationary data collections.

not scalable to other scenarios

NB-IoT based ITS applications [22]

Crowd-sensing scenario

Small size data collection.

Max data rate- uplink is 20 kbps

NB-IoT based M2M Communications [20]

The design for a M2M Communications include lowcost devices, high coverage, long device battery life, and massive capacity.

Max data rate- uplink is 20 kbps. Not scalable for other ITS applications

LoRa Based V2X [24]

Developing a D2D based reliable and low power LoRa architecture

Very small packet sizes (100s bytes)

High latency