Table 5 Comparison of short- and long-range MAC protocol for WBAN-enabled IoT technology
From: Towards achieving efficient MAC protocols for WBAN-enabled IoT technology: a review
Parameters | Short-range communication standards and technologies | Long-range communication systems | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IEEE 802.15.4 | IEEE 802.15.6 | Bluetooth | Wi-Fi | ETSI SmartBAN | Non-cellular technologies | Cellular technologies | |||
5G IoT radio standards and technologies | |||||||||
Sigfox | LoRa alliance | eMTC | NB-IoT | ||||||
Communication coverage | Less than 100 m | About 2 m–10 m | 10 m -100 m | About 1 km | Less than 1.5 m | Urban:50 km Rural: 50 km | Urban: 5 km Rural: 15 km | Rural: 15 km | Rural: 35 km Urban: 8 km |
Radio access technique | Non-beacon: unslotted CSMA/CA, beacon: slotted CSMA/CA | NB PHY layer: CSMA/CA, UWB PHY layer: slotted Aloha | TDMA | CSMA/CA | CMP: slotted ALOHA SAP: TDMA | UNB: ALOHA-based RFTDMA | LoRaWAN based on Pure ALOHA | UL: SC-FDMA DL: OFDMA | UL: SC-FDMA DL: OFDMA |
Energy requirement | Very low | Moderately low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Health packet transmission rate | 10—250 kbps | 10 Mbps | 1 Mbps | Less than 54 Mbps | Less than 100 kbps | 100 bps | 50 kbps | 1 Mbps | UL: 160 – 200 kbps DL: 160 – 250 kbps |
Data delay rate | Low | Very low | Low | Low | Less than 125Â ms | 10Â s | 10Â s | 150Â ms | Less than 10Â s |
Network/Topology | WPAN/star, mesh, tree | WPAN/star | WPAN/star, piconnet, scatternet | WLAN/star | Star network | Star network | Star network | Star network | Star network |
Power consumption | Approximately less than or equal to 50 mW | Approximately 1 mW at a distance of 1 m | Transmission power: -20 to 20 dBm | Approximately equal to 800 mW | - | UL: 14 to 22 dBm DL: 26 to 36 dBm | Transmission power: less than or equal to 50 mA Reception power: less than or equal to 10 – 40 mA | Transmission power: 23 or 20 dBm | Transmission power: 23 or 20 dBm |
Strength | Make best use of battery lifetime | Reliable | Operational cost is cost-effective | Internet connectivity support | Reliable in the context of multi-path interference | Energy efficient and low operational cost | Energy efficient and low operational cost | Energy efficient, offer a fast as well as a reliable network | Energy efficient, offer a fast as well as a reliable network |
Limitations | Limited coverage, Lack support for time-sensitive communications because of its CSMA/CA access mode exploitation, Energy wastage due to idle listening and collisions | Limited coverage, Collision problems due to its channel access methods, i.e., CSMA/CA or slotted ALOHA, Suffers from idle listening problem | Limited coverage, Lack support for real-time health-data transmissions | Energy wastage problem caused by control overhead packets, Limited coverage, Scalability issue, Idle listening concern, Collision problem | Limited coverage, Slot wastage and control overhead issues | Low health packet capability, Reliability issue, Interference issue, Energy wastage issue due to idle listening of biosensors in the inter-transmission period | Interference issue, Collision problems, Idle listening issue | Limited capacity of the network, Waste power resources due to periodic listening to paging messages and link measurement | High operational cost due to the use of licensed spectrum and high maintenance, high chances of collision during multiple channel access request by biosensor devices because of the inefficiency of NPRACH channel access method |