Table 8 Detailed analysis of the big data ecosystem challenges and their frequency and distribution

Data architecture

Timeliness

s4, s5, s9, s12, s13, s15, s19, s24, s28, s37, s38, s40, s44, s47

Device heterogeneity

s14, s22, s30, s41

Data modeling and design

Data deluge

s11, s12, s13, s17, S23, s24, s27, s28S37, s38, s44, s46, s54

Inappropriate analytics

s6, s8, s13, s15, s18, s21, s23, s24, s44

Technology gap

s6, s13, s21, s23, s24, s36, s37, s38, s47

Data storage and operations

Data storage and sharing

s4, s12, s13, s17, s21, s23, s24, s26, s28, s36, s38

Data collection

s2, s4, s8, s12, s13, s18, s23, s24, s28, s68

Availability

s3, s7, s8, s9, s11, s14, s19, s21, s22, s26, s28, s38, s39, s48, s54, s57

Data security

Privacy and security

s2, s4, s5, s7, s9, s11, s13, s14, s16, s17, s18, s20, s21, s22, s24, s26, s28, s29, s30, s31, s37, s38, s39, s42, s44, s48, s49, s52, s53, s55, s56, s57, s59, s61, s62, s64, s66s67, 69, s70, s71, s73, s74, s78, s79

Confidentiality

s9, s16, s21, s30, s41, s74

Lack of skills

s5, s9, s13, s15, s18, s22, s23, s27, s34, s37

Data integration and interoperability

Data management

s23, s28, s29, s30, s36, s37

Data transfer

s4, s19, s23, s28, s37, s41, s44

Documents and contents

Complexity

s9, s13, s15, s22, s24, s35, s40, s42, s54

Different data types and formats

S38, s37, s36, s30, s24, s14, S13, s9, s13, s14, s24, s30, s36, s37, s38, s55

Reference and master data

Data warehousing and business intelligence

Establishing a data-driven culture

S2, s15, s20, s21, s24, s31, s35, s39

Organizational resistance

s15, s24, s31

Cost/budget

s6, s9, s13, s15, s22, s24, s26, s35, s37, s38, s40, s45, s46, s53, s54

Meta-data

Data quality

Accuracy

S9, s13, s16, s23, s24, s35, s38, s67, s71

Incompleteness and inconsistency

s8, s13, s16, s17, s23, s24, s38, s42, s44

Vagueness

s2, s6, s10, s13, s29, s42, s44

Data Governance

Governance bodies

s1, s9, s13, s19, s21, s24, s25, s28, s29, s31, s35, s38, s39, s44, s45, s47, s49