Fig. 1

a Factor graph for a rate-1/2 polar code with \(N=8\). b Protograph of a polar code where \(\psi =\lfloor \phi /2 \rfloor\)
a Factor graph for a rate-1/2 polar code with \(N=8\). b Protograph of a polar code where \(\psi =\lfloor \phi /2 \rfloor\)