Fig. 2

Diagram of the network-coding based mechanisms of PCCF. The figure displays the scheme of systematic sparse network coding (SSNC) mechanism and cooperative coded forwarding (CCF). The probabilistic cooperative coded forwarding scheme consists of two network-coding based mechanisms. The BS deploys the systematic sparse network coding (SSNC) mechanism, in which it will organize k data packets as a packet generation \(\mathbf{x }= \left\{ {{x_i}\left| {i = 1, \ldots ,k} \right. } \right\}\) and encoded them into \(n \ge k\) source coded packets (SCPs). It will broadcast the SCPs to the IIoT nodes within its coverage. An IIoT node which has receive the SCPs will perform cooperative coded forwarding (CCF), where it first directly forward the SCPs in a probabilistic manner, and then encode the received SCPs into some relay coded packets (RCPs) and broadcast them to its one-hop neighbors. In general, SSNC is a source-based network coding mechanism and CCF is related to the relay nodes