Table 1 System parameters

Number of APs

N

Total number of UEs

K

Number of antennas per AP

M

Coherence block

\(\tau _{\mathrm{c}}\)

Number of uplink pilots samples

\(\tau _{\mathrm{p}}\)

Channel vector for the nth AP and kth UE

\({{{\textbf {h}}}}_{nk}\)

Number of paths

L

Large-scale fading coefficient

\(\beta _{nk}\)

Small-scale fading coefficient for the lth path

\(\alpha _{nk}^l\)

Array steering vector for the lth path

\({{\mathbf {a}}}\left( {\theta _{nk}^l } \right)\)