From: Directional modulation techniques for secure wireless communication: a comprehensive survey
Paper | Description | Communications parameters | Information-theoretic measures | Cryptographic strength |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spatial angular DM | ||||
[22] | DM as block ciphers | – | – | PLR |
[49] | Antenna subset modulation | SER | – | – |
[50] | Antenna subset modulation | SER | Secrecy capacity | – |
[51] | Low-complexity ASM | BER | Secrecy capacity | – |
[52] | Eavesdropper attack on ASM | SER, SNR | – | – |
[53] | Iterative FFT-based ASM | SER, beampatterns | – | – |
[54] | Random ASM for vehicular networks | – | Secrecy throughput | – |
[55] | Multi-antenna DM for vehicular networks | – | Secrecy rate | – |
[56] | ASM as block encryption cipher | SER | – | PLR |
[57] | Hamming distance maximization for ASM | – | – | PLR |
[58] | Switched-antenna array for DM | BER, RMSE | – | – |
[59] | Switched-phased array architecture | BER | Secrecy capacity | – |
[60] | Silent antenna hopping | BER | Secrecy capacity | – |
[61] | Linear sparse array based DM | SER, SLL | – | – |
[62] | Convex optimization assisted LSA | BER, pattern beamwidth | – | – |
[63] | Fourier network based circular array for DM | BER, power pattern | – | – |
[64] | DM using retrodirective antenna array | BER, power pattern | – | – |
[65] | Demonstration of 71 GHz directional PHY layer secure link | EVM, power measurements | – | – |
[66] | Near-field direct antenna modulation | BER | – | – |
[67] | Transmitter architecture demonstration of NFDAM | BER, data constellations | – | – |
[68] | Multiple antenna array based positional modulation | BER, beam pattern | – | – |
[69] | Metasurface based positional modulation | BER, beam pattern | – | – |
[70] | Intelligent reflecting surfaces for multipath DM | – | Secrecy rate | – |
Temporal angular DM | ||||
[78] | Time-modulated 4D array | BER, power patterns | – | – |
[79] | Hybrid DM and beamforming for 4D arrays | BER | – | – |
[80] | Time-modulation based vectors for 4D array | BER | – | – |
[81] | Pulse sequence optimization for TMA | Fidelity rate, BER | – | – |
[82] | Experimental assessment of time-modulated DM | Fidelity rate, BER | – | – |
[83] | Time-modulated DM for OFDM transmitter | BER | – | – |
[84] | Multi-carrier TMA | BER | – | – |
Frequency angular DM | ||||
[85] | Random sub-carrier selection for DM | SINR | Secrecy rate | – |
[86] | DFT-based multi-directional DM | Power pattern | Secrecy rate | – |
Phase angular DM | ||||
[87] | Phased array based directional modulation | BER | – | – |
[88] | Demonstration of phased array DM | BER, normalized pattern | – | – |
[89] | Pattern-reconfigurable DM | BER | – | – |
[90] | Dual-beam DM architecture | BER | – | – |
[91] | Hybrid MIMO and phased array DM | BER | Secrecy capacity | – |
[92] | Phased array transmitter using polygon construction | SER | – | – |
Polarization angular DM | ||||
[93] | Polarization state based PLS | SER | – | – |
[94] | Crossed-dipole array based DM | SER | – | – |
[95] | Directional polarization modulation | SER | – | – |
[96] | Angular DM using polarization sensitive array | SER | Secrecy capacity | – |