Fig. 5

Measured and simulated return loss (S₁₁). This figure represents the comparison of measured and simulated results. The measured results are slightly skewed as compared to the simulated. The shifting may have been caused by the antenna's manual assembly. The discrepancies between the measured and simulated findings are attributed to minor manufacturing errors. However, little variations are perceived, and these are attributed to factors that were not taken into account in simulations, such as the SMA connectors, soldering, pasting of ground, and patch on the substrate as a tolerance in the manufacturing process