Multiuser diversity in correlated Rayleigh-fading channels

This article studies the effect of scheduling and multiuser diversity on the performance of correlated Rayleighfading channels. More specifically, the power-limited channel average rate is obtained for quasi-static correlated fading channels. The results are obtained in the cases where there is perfect or imperfect channel state information available at the transmitter. Simulation results show that the average rate reduction due to channels dependencies is ignorable in low correlation conditions. However, the effect of scheduling and multiuser diversity on the average rate reduces substantially as the fading channels dependency increases. Also, for different channels correlation conditions, considerable performance improvement is achieved via very limited number of feedback bits.


Introduction
Employment of adaptive modulation and scheduling leads to substantial performance improvement in multiuser systems, normally called multiuser diversity [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. This is the main motivation for the current schedulingbased systems and this article as well. In these methods, the transmitter is provided with some information about the channel quality of different users. This information is then utilized by a scheduler to select the appropriate users, coding, and modulation such that an objective function is optimized. System throughput and fairness between the users are two objective functions mainly considered in the literature. Furthermore, depending on the number of users, channels characteristics and the feedback load resources, the transmitter information about the channels quality can be perfect or imperfect.
Assuming different levels of channel state information (CSI), a large number of scientific reports can be found that have tackled the multiuser diversity problem in different theoretical and practical aspects. For instance, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] investigated the performance of multiuser networks under perfect CSI assumption. These works were later extended by, e.g., [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] where the system performance was analyzed in the presence of imperfect CSI available at the scheduler. Furthermore, among different research projects involving in this topic the WINNER+ [20] and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) [21] can be mentioned where multiuser diversity is one of the most important issues.
In this perspective, this article studies the average rate of correlated Rayleigh-fading multiuser networks. The results are obtained for quasi-static channels in the cases where there is perfect or imperfect CSI available at the transmitter. It is mainly focused on a system with a single transmitter and two receivers, which allows us to find closed-form solutions for the average rate and power allocation criteria. However, some discussions about extending the results to arbitrary number of receivers are also presented and the final conclusions are valid independent of the number of receivers. Assuming imperfect CSI, we evaluate the effect of optimal channel quantization on the system performance. The results show that substantial performance improvement is achieved with a limited number of feedback bits per user. Moreover, the effect of scheduling and multiuser diversity reduces with the channels correlation, although the rate reduction is ignorable in low correlation conditions. The arguments would be interesting for people involved in WINNER+, 3GPP or the ones working on scheduling between close users, for instance scheduling in single-cell networks, e.g., [25][26][27][28].

System model
In this part, we consider a network with a single transmitter and two receivers equipped with a single antenna. In time slot t, a max-rate scheduler selects one of the receivers, e.g., the k-th receiver. Then, the length-L c codeword {X t [i] |i = 1,..., L c } multiplied by the random variable H k,t is summed with independent and identi- For simplicity of notation, the time slot index t is dropped. A quasi-static correlated Rayleigh-fading channel model is considered b ; The channel gains G k . = |H k | 2 , k = 1, 2, remain constant for a long time and then change according to their corresponding joint fading probability density function (pdf) f G 1 ,G 2 (x, y) . Also, the gains are supposed to have identical marginal μ , x ≥ 0, k = 1, 2, and the relation between the fading variables is modeled by Here, μ denotes the exponential pdf parameter determined by the path loss and shadowing between the terminals and b is a known correlation factor modeling the two variables dependencies. This is a well-established model considered in the literature for different phenomena such as CSI imperfection, estimation error and channels/signals correlation [29][30][31][32]. In this way, the joint pdf of the gains is found as where I 0 (.) is the zeroth-order modified Bessel function of the first kind [33]. Finally, note that as the channels have identical pdfs, the max-rate scheduler which transmits to the user with the strongest channel at any given time slot not only optimizes the system total performance but also maintains the long-term fairness between the users. Moreover, although it is the simplest to assume a network with two users, as seen in the following, the results provide valuable insights for the more general cases with arbitrary number of users. Also, extension of the results to arbitrary number of receivers experiencing different fading distributions can be found in the Appendix.
It is assumed that each receiver has perfect CSI about its corresponding channel gain which is an acceptable assumption in quasi-static condition, e.g., [17,18,[34][35][36][37][38]. However, the transmitter may be provided with imperfect (Section 3) or perfect (Section 4) CSI about the fading channels. Further, all results are presented in natural logarithm basis, the channel average rate is presented in nats-per-channel-use (npcu) and, as stated in the following, the arguments are restricted to Gaussian input distributions. Finally, note that Rayleigh-fading channels are good models for tropospheric and ionospheric signal propagation as well as the effect of heavily built-up urban environments on radio signals [39,40]. Also, it is most applicable when there is no dominant propagation along a line of sight between the transmitters and the receivers.
2.1. Average rate with no CSI at the transmitter As a system performance lower bound, it is interesting to study the channel average rate with no CSI at the transmitter. In this case, the channel average rate is simplified to the one for a single user network, as one of the users is selected by the scheduler randomly. Also, with no CSI at the transmitter, the data is transmitted at a fixed rate R which is decoded if the channel realization supports the rate, i.e., R ≤ log(1 + gT) where T is the transmission power. c Therefore, representing the gains cumulative distribution function (cdf) by F G (g), the no-CSI channel average rate is obtained bȳ which for Rayleigh-fading gain distribution results in Here, W (x) is the standard Lambert W function defined as

Average rate in the presence of imperfect CSI at the transmitter
This section studies the channel average rate in the case where the scheduler is provided with quantized CSI about the fading channels. In this way, considering N quantization regions, the quantization encoder function is implemented by each receiver. Here,g i 's denote the quantization boundaries and S i is the i-th quantization region. The quantization indices are sent back to the scheduler which selects the user with the higher quantization index (max-rate scheduler). Also, if the channel gains are in the same quantization regions, one of them is selected randomly.
Remark 1: The optimal max-rate scheduler should select the users with the highest SNR. However, as stated in the following, the water-filling properties imply that higher powers are allocated to the higher quantization regions (see, e.g., (14), (19) and [34][35][36][37][38]). Therefore, the SNR increases with the quantization index and scheduling based on the quantization indices works the same as scheduling based on the SNRs.
Provided that the scheduled user channel gain is in the region S i , a fixed gainĝ i ∈ [g i−1 ,g i ) is considered by the transmitter and the data is sent with power T i and rate R i = log(1 + ĝ i T i ). The data is successfully decoded at the corresponding receiver if G k ≥ ĝ i where k represents the selected user index. Therefore, considering all quantization regions, the channel average rate is found asR Here, is the probability that (1) for instance, channel G 1 is in the i-th quantization region, (2) its corresponding channel gain is higher than the considered value ĝ i , that is, (3) the second user channel gain is in one of the quantization regions S j , j < i, such that the first user is selected by the scheduler. Then, the first summation term is multiplied by two, as the same thing can happen for the other user. Furthermore, Q i is found as which is the probability that (1) both users are in the i-th quantization region and (2) the channel gain of the selected user supports the rate, e.g., G 1 ∈ [ĝ i ,g i ) if the first user is selected by the scheduler. Note that in this case one of the users is scheduled randomly with probability 1 2 . Therefore, the second summation term in (7) is not multiplied by two. Correspondingly, the average transmission power is obtained bȳ where denotes the probability that, for instance, channel G 1 is in the i-th quantization region while the second user channel gain is in one of the lower regions. Also, is the probability that both channels are in the i-th quantization region where one of them is selected randomly.
Using (7), (10) and the power constraintT ≤ T, the power-limited average rate maximization problem can be stated as which, as discussed in [34][35][36][37][38], [[41], Section 9.4], is a convex problem in terms of transmission powers T i . Therefore, the optimal transmission powers can be determined based on the Lagrange multiplier function ϒ =R − λT which leads to the water-filling equations Here, l is the Lagrange multiplier satisfyinḡ T ≤ T and x + .
= max(0, x). Intuitively, using optimal power allocation the power is not wasted on weak channel realization and the saved power is spent on strong gain realizations. Therefore, there will be a quantization index helpful for simplifying the water-filling power allocation algorithm.
Considering (13), the main problem is to find the probability terms in (7) and (10) which can be found according to the following procedure Here, (a) is obtained by defining r .
A simple average rate optimization algorithm: In contrast to transmission power parameters, the power-limited average rate optimization problem of quantized CSI-based systems, e.g., (13), is not a convex optimization problem in terms of quantization parametersĝ i ,g i ∀ i [34][35][36][37][38]. Therefore, although implementable, gradient-based algorithms are not efficient in determining the optimal quantization parameters. In order to tackle this problem, we propose an iterative algorithm, illustrated in Algorithm 1.
Remark 2: Similar to other techniques for solving nonconvex optimization problems, it can not be guaranteed that the algorithm leads to the globally optimal solution for all channel conditions. However, by extensive testing, it is observed that for many different initial parameter settings and vector generation procedures, the algorithm leads to unique solutions. Furthermore, our experiments show that the algorithm is much more efficient than using greedy search scheme which requires a large number of initial random seeds due to the non-convexity of (13). Finally, although it may be time-consuming when the number of optimization parameters increases, the proposed algorithm has been shown to be efficient in many complex optimization problems dealing with local minima issues [42].
In the following, the channel average rate in the presence of perfect CSI available at the transmitter is studied and then the simulation results are presented in Section 5.

Average rate in the presence of perfect CSI at the transmitter
Assuming perfect CSI at the transmitter, the data is always transmitted to the user with higher instantaneous channel gain. Therefore, the channel average rate is rephrased as where Z . = max(G 1 , G 2 ) is an auxiliary variable with pdf f Z (z) and T(z) is the transmission power considered for the instantaneous variable realization Z = z. Then, the average transmission power is obtained bȳ T = ∞ 0 T(z)f Z (z)dz. Therefore, using the Lagrange multiplier function ϒ =R − λT, the optimal power allocation is found as Here, the water-filling threshold l * determined according to where F Z (z) is the cdf of the variable Z and (e) is obtained by partial integration. Finally, from (18) and (19), the channel average rate can be rephrased as where (f) is again based on partial integration. Therefore, the main problem would be to determine the cdf F Z (z), (20) and then (21).
Considering (15), the auxiliary variable cdf is found as where (g) is based on the fact that ξ (x, 0) = 1, ξ (0, x) = e − x 2 2 and r = (1 − β 2 )μ. Moreover, it can be written Where, (h) follows from (17). Then, (i) and (j) are obtained according to  Here, there are some interesting points to be noted: • Using (20), it can be easily shown that the waterfilling threshold l * is a decreasing function of the average transmission power constraint T . That is, more realizations of the variable Z, and correspondingly the channel gains, receive powers as the average transmission power constraint increases. Particularly, l* 0 as T ∞. • Assuming independent fading channels, i.e., setting b = 0 in (3), the auxiliary variable cdf is simplified to Therefore, from (20), the Lagrange multiplier l * is obtained by 27) and the channel average rate, i.e., (21), is rephrased as where Ei(x) is the standard exponential integral func- Finally, extension of the results to arbitrary number of receivers can be found in the Appendix.

Simulation results
Considering different levels of CSI available at the transmitter, Figure 1 shows the channel average rate versus the average transmission power for different correlation conditions. Here, the results under no-CSI and with perfect CSI in uncorrelated channels condition have been plotted as two lower and upper bounds, respectively. Also, the effect of the channels dependencies on the system data transmission efficiency can be further studied in Figure 2. Here, the correlation gain defined as which is the ratio of the channel average rate, e.g., (21), and the one for uncorrelated channels, e.g. (28), is demonstrated as a function of the channels correlation.
Assuming N = 4 quantization regions, i.e., 2-bits feedback per user, Figure 3 investigates the effect of channels correlation on the optimal quantization boundaries.
Here, the average transmission power is set to T = 1. Also, Table 1 demonstrates the average rate for different correlation coefficients and number of quantization regions. Finally, Figure 4a,b demonstrate the water-filling threshold, i.e., (20), as a function of the average transmission power T and the correlation factor b, respectively. Note that the summation terms in (25) converge to zero very fast. Therefore, the water-filling threshold and the average rate can be found accurately with the truncated versions of (25). Also, in all simulations we set the exponential pdfs parameter μ = 1.

Discussions
Theoretical and simulation results emphasize a number of interesting points that can be listed as follows: • For different correlation conditions, considerable performance improvement is achieved via very limited number of feedback bits per user. This point is Correlated Rayleigh−fading channel, Average transmission power T=1, Imperfect CSI with N=4 quantization regions  useful particularly in networks with a large number of users where the feedback load is an important issue. Moreover, the transmitter CSI is more effective when the channels dependency decreases (Figures 1, 2, and Table 1).
• The effect of scheduling and multiuser diversity reduces with the channels correlation, although the rate reduction is ignorable in low correlation conditions (Figures 1 and 2). There is an interesting intuition behind this point; In a system with a number of users experiencing independent fading conditions it is more likely that, at any time instant, one of the users experiences good channel quality. Therefore, the data transmission efficiency can be improved by always communicating the best users (multiuser diversity). However, if the channels are not independent, the probability that one of the users has good channel quality while the others experience bad channels, and correspondingly the effect of multiuser diversity, decreases. Therefore, it is expected that for users close to each other, for instance the users in a single cell, e.g., [25][26][27][28]], the practical gain due to multiuser diversity would be less than the one theoretically obtained under independent channels assumptions. Note that the conclusion is valid for any number of users. Also, it is interesting to mention that, although channels correlation reduces the forward channel data transmission efficiency, it is very helpful for feedback compression of multiuser channels, as discussed in, e.g., [3][4][5].
• Increasing the channels dependencies, the quantization boundaries converge together ( Figure 3). Furthermore, with full correlation between the channels, the results are simplified to the ones obtained for single-user networks.
• The water-filling threshold reduces as the average transmission power or the channels correlation increases (Figure 4). This is intuitively correct because with higher correlations the probability that lower channels gains realizations have the chance of data transmission increases. Therefore, they should receive more power as they have more contribution on the average rate.
Finally, note that the conclusions are valid independent of the fading distributions and the number of receivers.

Conclusion
This article studies the average rate of multiuser Rayleighfading channels when there is correlation between the users fading channels. The channel average rate is obtained in both perfect and imperfect transmitter CSI conditions under quasi-static channel assumption. Theoretical and simulation results show that substantial performance improvement is achieved with a limited number of feedback bits per user. On the other hand, while average rate reduction due to channels dependencies is ignorable in low correlation conditions, the effect of scheduling and multiuser diversity on the average rate reduces substantially as the fading channels dependency increases. The results are helpful for scheduling in the cases where the users are close to each other, for instance in single-cell networks. Finally, extending the results to the case of cellular networks is an interesting topic which is left for the future.

Appendix 1: Extension of the results to arbitrary number of receivers
With the same procedure as in Section 3, the system average rate in the presence of M users experiencing symmetric correlated fading distributions and using quantization function (6) is obtained as  Here, M 1 is the "n choose k" operator, ..G M is the correlated channels fading pdf. Moreover, Ω(M,i) is the probability that, j w , w = 1, ..., i, of the M-1 unscheduled users are in the quantization region S w , the scheduled user which can be any of the M users is in the quantization region S i , one of the (j i + 1) users in the region S i is selected randomly (with probability 1 j i +1 ) and the selected user channel gain supports the rate, e.g.,G 1 ∈ [ĝ i ,g i ). Also, the average transmission power, i.e., (10), is rephrased as where P j 1 ...j i is the probability that there are j w , w = 1,..., i -1, gains in the quantization region S w and (j i + 1) gains in the region S i . Replacing (30) and (31) in (13) the power-limited average rate optimization problem can be solved based on the channels distributions. Assuming perfect CSI available at the transmitter, on the other hand, the average rate is obtained by (18) in which the auxiliary parameter Z is redefined as Z = max(G 1 ,...,G M ).
Endnotes a The noise parameter Z k,t represents the Gaussian interferences received from the other users/cells as well. b As discussed in [43], the information theoretic results of quasi-static fading channels match the results of actual codes for practical code lengths, e.g., L c ≃ 100 channel uses. c In an AWGN channel with constant gain g and transmission power T , the maximum rate is obtained by log(1 + gT) [41]. This is particularly because, as there is perfect CSI at the receiver, likelihood decoding can be successfully implemented at the receiver.
II. For each vector, do the following procedures 1) Determine the the probability terms of (7) and (10) based on (15).