- Research Article
- Open access
- Published:
An Analysis Framework for Mobility Metrics in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking volume 2007, Article number: 019249 (2006)
Abstract
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have inherently dynamic topologies. Under these difficult circumstances, it is essential to have some dependable way of determining the reliability of communication paths. Mobility metrics are well suited to this purpose. Several mobility metrics have been proposed in the literature, including link persistence, link duration, link availability, link residual time, and their path equivalents. However, no method has been provided for their exact calculation. Instead, only statistical approximations have been given. In this paper, exact expressions are derived for each of the aforementioned metrics, applicable to both links and paths. We further show relationships between the different metrics, where they exist. Such exact expressions constitute precise mathematical relationships between network connectivity and node mobility. These expressions can, therefore, be employed in a number of ways to improve performance of MANETs such as in the development of efficient algorithms for routing, in route caching, proactive routing, and clustering schemes.
References
Boleng J, Navidi W, Camp T: Metrics to enable adaptive protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Networks (ICWN '02), June 2002, Las Vegas, Nev, USA 293-298.
Su W, Lee S-J, Gerla M: Mobility prediction and routing in ad hoc wireless networks. International Journal of Network Management 2001,11(1):3-30. 10.1002/nem.386
Samar P, Wicker SB: On the behavior of communication links of a node in a multi-hop mobile environment. Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc '04), 2004, Roppongi Hills, Tokyo, Japan 145-156.
Qin L, Kunz T: Increasing packet delivery ratio in DSR by link prediction. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS '03), January 2003, Big Island, Hawaii, USA 300-309.
McDonald AB, Znati TF: A mobility-based framework for adaptive clustering in wireless ad-hoc networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 1999,17(8):1466-1487. 10.1109/49.780353
Jiang S, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Yin Q: Provisioning of adaptability to variable topologies for routing schemes in MANETs. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 2004,22(7):1347-1356. 10.1109/JSAC.2004.829352
Bai F, Sadagopan N, Helmy A: Important: a framework to systematically analyze the impact of mobility on performance of routing protocols for adhoc networks. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM '03), March-April 2003, San Francisco, Calif, USA 2: 825-835.
Gerharz M, de Waal C, Martini P, James P: Strategies for finding stable paths in mobile wireless ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN '03), October 2003, Bonn, Germany 130-139.
Jones HM, Xu S, Blackmore KL: Link ratio for ad hoc networks in a rayleigh fading channel. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Internet, Telecommunications and Signal Processing (WITSP '04), December 2004, Adelaide, Australia 252-255.
Jiang S: An enhanced prediction-based link availability estimation for MANETs. IEEE Transactions on Communications 2004,52(2):183-186. 10.1109/TCOMM.2003.822739
McDonald AB, Znati T: A path availability model for wireless ad-hoc networks. Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC '99), September 1999, Orleans, La, USA 1: 35-40.
Sadagopan N, Bai F, Krishnamachari B, Helmy A: PATHS: analysis of PATH duration statistics and their impact on reactive MANET routing protocols. Proceedings of the 4th ACM Interational Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc '03), June 2003, Annapolis, Md, USA 245-256.
Yu D, Li H, Gruber I: Path availability in ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT '03), February-March 2003, Tahiti, Polynesia 1: 383-387.
Xu S, Blackmore KL, Jones HM: Mobility assessment for MANETs requiring persistent links. Proceedings of International Workshop on Wireless Traffic Measurements and Modeling in Conjunction with MobiSys (WiTMeMo '05), June 2005, Seattle, Wash, USA 39-44.
Camp T, Boleng J, Davies V: A survey of mobility models for ad hoc network research. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2002,2(5):483-502. special issue on mobile ad hoc networking: research, trends and application 10.1002/wcm.72
Bettstetter C, Hartenstein H, Pérez-Costa X: Stochastic properties of the random waypoint mobility model. Wireless Networks 2004,10(5):555-567.
Xu S, Blackmore KL, Jones HM: Cache timeout strategies for on-demand routing in MANETs. Proceedings of Workshop on Information Theory and Signal Proocessing with DSPCS, December 2005, Noosa, Australia 153-158.
Jiang S, He D, Rao J: A prediction-based link availability estimation for mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 12th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM '01), April 2001, Anchorage, Alaska, USA 3: 1745-1752.
Qin M, Zimmerman R, Liu LS: Supporting multimedia streaming between mobile peers with link availability prediction. Proceedings of the 13th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM '05), November 2005, Singapore 956-965.
Han Y, La RJ, Makowski AM: Distribution of path durations in mobile ad-hoc networks—Palm's theorem at work. Proceedings of the 16th ITC Specialist Seminar on Performance Evaluation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, August-September 2004, Antwerp, Belgium
Yoon J, Liu M, Noble B: Random waypoint considered harmful. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM '03), March-April 2003, San Francisco, Calif, USA 2: 1312-1321.
Greenwell RN, Ritchey NP, Lial ML: Calculus for the Life Sciences. Addison-Wesley, Boston, Mass, USA; 2003.
An B, Papavassiliou S: An entropy-based model for supporting and evaluating route stability in mobile ad hoc wireless networks. IEEE Communications Letters 2002,6(8):328-330. 10.1109/LCOMM.2002.802046
Papoulis A, Pillai SU: Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA; 2002.
S. Xu, “Mobility metrics for routing in MANETs,” Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, 2006.
Saldaña RP, Changho MCC: On random walk models and Markov chains. Proceedings of the 1st Philippine Computing Science Congress (PCSC '00), November 2000, Manlila, Philippines 202-205.
Beckmann P: Probability in Communication Engineering. Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, NY, USA; 1967.
Xu S, Blackmore KL, Jones HM: Link duration calculation of random walk mobility model in mobile ad hoc networks. In Tech. Rep. ANU FEIT 11-02-04. Department of Systems Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; 2004.
Su W, Gerla M: IPv6 flow handoff in ad hoc wireless networks using mobility prediction. Proceedings of Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM '99), December 1999, Rio de Janeireo, Brazil 1: 271-275.
Timo R, Hanlen L, Blackmore KL: A lower bound on network layer control information. The European Network of Excellence in Wireless Communications and the Australian ARC Communications Research Network (NEWCOM-ACoRN '06), September 2006, Vienna, Austria
Cormen TH, Leiserson CE, Rivest RL, Stein C: Introduction to Algorithms. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA; 1998.
Xu S, Blackmore KL, Jones HM: Practical scheme for optimizing route-cache TTL in MANETs. in preparatio
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, S., Blackmore, K.L. & Jones, H.M. An Analysis Framework for Mobility Metrics in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. J Wireless Com Network 2007, 019249 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/19249
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/19249