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Oblique Projection Polarization Filtering-Based Interference Suppressions for Radar Sensor Networks
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking volume 2010, Article number: 605103 (2010)
Abstract
The interferences coming from the radar members degrade the detection and recognition performance of the radar sensor networks (RSNs) if the waveforms of the radar members are nonorthogonal. In this paper, we analyze the interferences by exploring the polarization information of the electromagnetic (EM) waves. Then, we propose the oblique projection polarization filtering- (OPPF-) based scheme to suppress the interferences while keeping the amplitude and phase of its own return in RSNs, even if the polarized states of the radar members are not orthogonal. We consider the cooperative RSNs environment where the polarization information of each radar member is known to all. The proposed method uses all radar members' polarization information to establish the corresponding filtering operator. The Doppler-shift and its uncertainty are independent of the polarization information, which contributes that the interferences can be suppressed without the utilization of the spatial, the temporal, the frequency, the time-delay and the Doppler-shift information. Theoretical analysis and the mathematical deduction show that the proposed scheme is a valid and simple implementation. Simulation results also demonstrate that this method can obtain a good filtering performance when dealing with the problem of interference suppressions for RSNs.
1. Introduction
Due to the complex and time-varying environments, also with respect to the manmade or natural interferences, the detection and recognition performance of the single radar system is limited by several issues. Since the techniques on electromagnetic countermeasure (ECM) and counter-counter measures (CCM) are developing more and more sophisticated, we can foresee that it is considerably difficult to fulfil the goal of giving the most accurate interpretation about what the target is at any given point in time for any detection and recognition system. It is also known to all that the slow fluctuations of the target radar cross section (RCS), which result in the radar target fades, are a main factor of degrading the detection and recognition performance of the radar systems [1].
The single radar systems encountering those problems mentioned above boost the radar researchers and engineers to exploit the new and effective schemes, therein, the radar sensor networks (RSNs) appear [2–10]. The RSNs are promised to operate with multiple goals managed by an intelligent platform network that can manage the dynamics of each radar member to meet the common goals of the platform, rather than each radar to operate as an independent system. This is the so-called cooperative radar networks with communication function [6]. While the performance of RSNs degrades because the radar members are likely to interfere with each other if their waveforms are not orthogonally designed, or their polarized states of the waveforms are not properly allocated [7]. In order to eliminate these interferences, much attention has been paid to the waveform design for RSNs [4–7, 9, 10]. The utilization of the polarization information for RSNs attracts relatively little attention than the waveform design, while our work tries to exploit the polarization information of the electromagnetic (EM) waves for RSNs, and we expect to seek an effective and easy implementation for RSNs to mitigate the interferences based on the use of the polarization information.
For the single radar systems, the polarization filtering (PF) technique is an effective method of interference suppressions, and the PF attracts much attention in recent decades [11–18]. While the conventional polarization filtering (CPF) [11–13] suffers distortions on both amplitude and phase of the target signal when establishing the orthogonal complementary vector of the interference polarization to cancel the interference, because of the neglect of the target polarization. The distortions on target is called the polarization loss introduced by the PF [14], and the polarization loss is determined by the distance when representing the polarization of the target and the interference in the form of the Poincare-Sphere. If and only if the distance between them is 180°, that is, their polarizations are orthogonal, no polarization loss is introduced. The polarization loss limits the filtering performance of the PF. To avoid the distortions on target, the null-phase-shift polarization filtering (NPSPF) was proposed in [15]. Although the NPSPF can solve the problem of distortions, it would suppress both the interference and the target when they hold the same polarized angle, and the CPF also encounters this problem when the target and the interference are both vertical polarization. These issues limit the application scopes of the PF. Meanwhile, little attention has been paid to the applications of the PF for RSNs.
In this paper, we propose a novel polarization filtering-based approach for RSNs, the suggested scheme suppresses the interferences from the radar members by using the oblique projection polarization filtering (OPPF) [16–20], and the OPPF is the extension to the CPF and the NPSPF. The proposed OPPF can separate the signals effectively if the polarization information of them is different, and the polarized states are not needed to be orthogonal due to the merits of the oblique projections [20]. The detailed implementation of the OPPF is to construct the polarization subspaces of the target and the interference, respectively, then the filtering operator is established according to the oblique projection operator. After passing through the OPPF, the interferences (other radar members' returned signals) are effectively cancelled while keeping the desired return with the same amplitude/phase and the polarization before the operation by the OPPF, even if their waveforms and polarized states are not orthogonal. The proposed scheme can effectively separate the desired returned signal and the interferences without additional transformation and compensation processing. With the desired return not suffering distortions after separation, the scheme is still valid when the desired return and the interferences hold the same polarized angle but with different phase difference in polarized angle.
Since the polarization filtering is independent of the frequency, the spatial, and the temporal domains, the proposed design is expected to exploit more resources which can achieve better suppression performance of the clutter and the interferences for RSNs. The Doppler-shift and its uncertainty are also independent of polarization, and this shows the implementation of the suggested scheme is simpler than the waveform-design-based systems.
We consider that all radar members' polarization information are shared among each radar member, that is, in a cooperative way. The proposed method utilizes all of the radar members' polarization information to establish the corresponding filtering operator for each radar member. Theoretical analysis and the mathematical deduction show that the proposed scheme is a valid and simple implementation. Simulation results also demonstrate that this method can obtain a good filtering performance when dealing with the problem of interference suppressions for RSNs.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. System model and fundamentals of the oblique projections are introduced in Section 2. The OPPF-based interference suppressions for the cooperative scenario is discussed in Section 3. Detailed analysis and the simulation results are done and illustrated in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 concludes this paper.
Typographic Conventions
A scalar is represented by any symbol in an italic font, for example, 
. Vectors are column vectors and are represented by a boldface symbol, such as 
. Matrices are represented by symbols in a bold font and are usually uppercase, such as 
. The subspace spanned by the columns of a matrix is represented with angle brackets around the symbol for the matrix, for example, 
. We use the symbol 
to denote the orthogonal complement of 
. The symbol 
denotes the complex Euclidean space of dimension 
. We use 
to represent an 
-by-
array matrix defined in the complex Euclidean space of dimension 
. 
is the unit matrix. 
is the operation of calculating the expectation.
A superscript 
is used to indicate the transpose of a matrix or vector, such as 
, and 
denotes the Hermitian transpose, for example, 
. 
is the dot product of two vectors, 
is the symbol of pseudoinverse of a matrix, such as 
, and 
denotes the conjugate operating. 
is the imaginary part unit, and 
is the conjugate of a complex number.
2. System Model and Oblique Projections
2.1. System Model
We assume that the RSN consists of 
radar members and is organized together in a self-organizing fashion. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the discussed RSN. For the 
th radar member, the received signal contains its own return (red color) and returned signals of other radar members (dashed lines). In our discussed RSN, each radar member is equipped with an orthogonal dual polarized antenna (ODPA) which can radiate and receive any polarization pattern.
Block diagram of the RSNs.
Since the polarization information is taken into our consideration, we should represent the transmitted and the received signals in the form of the polarization representation. When representing the completely polarized EM waves using the 
vector in a right-handed 
coordinate system with the 
coordinate representing the direction of propagation and the orthogonal basis defined by a pair of 
and 
representing the horizontal (
) and the vertical (
) components, ignoring the absolute phase of the horizontal component, the transmitted modulated waveform 
of the 
th radar member can be modelled as
where 
is the constant amplitude pulse envelope; 
is a normalization factor to let 
, wherein, 
is the energy of the waveform and 
is the time duration for the radar pulses and each oscillator; 
is the center frequency; 
and 
are its polarization parameters with 
denoting the polarized angle, and 
the phase difference in polarized angle. The polarized angle and the phase difference in polarized angle determine the polarized states of the signal as follows.
-
(1)
If
, the polarization is linear. -
(2)
, 
indicates the right-handed circular polarization, and 
, 
shows the left-handed circular polarization. -
(3)
If
and 
, then the polarization is left-handed elliptic. When 
and 
, the polarization is right-handed elliptic.
, the polarization is linear.
, 
indicates the right-handed circular polarization, and 
, 
shows the left-handed circular polarization.
and 
, then the polarization is left-handed elliptic. When 
and 
, the polarization is right-handed elliptic.The polarized state is determined by the amplitude and phase relationship between the two components received by the ODPA. Taking the polarization of the 
th radar member as an instance, the polarized angle and the phase difference in polarized angle are calculated as
respectively, where 
indicates the argument of the vector 
. After being radiated by the ODPA, the EM waves may produce the so-called cross-polarization (XP) component whose polarization is orthogonal to the original transmitted polarization, and this is known as the effect of depolarization [21, 22]. The degree of the depolarization is described by the cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) which indicates the ratio of the original transmitted polarization component power and the cross-polarization component power at the same location point. The depolarization effect can be eliminated by introducing the depolarization compensation technology [23].
There are also many methods for estimation of the polarized states (see [15, 24]). In a communication realization, the polarized states can be estimated in the frequency domain if each user holds different frequency bands [15]. If they overlap in the frequency domain, then we can estimate their polarized states in the Fractional Fourier domain, because the modulation rate or the starting frequency of each member may be different. By using the Fractional Fourier Transformation (FrFT), their polarized states can be estimated effectively. We assume that the polarized state is already known at the receiver in this paper.
As depicted in Figure 1, a point moving target at an instant range is taken into our consideration. The two-way time delay of the 
th radar member is denoted as 
. Due to the movement of the target, the Doppler-shift denoting as 
is introduced. Hence, the back-scattered radiation of the 
th radar member from the target is written as
where 
is the amplitude of the return of the 
th radar member; 
and 
are the polarization information of its own return. If the target is a fluctuating one, the most popular and reasonable model for 
is the "Swerling 2" model. Therefore, 
follows the Rayleigh distribution [1].
The polarized state suffers changes during the propagation [21, 22], for example, the reflections and the shadowing effect can destroy the polarization. Hence, the estimation of the polarized states (or polarization measurement) is essential for the PF. When the polarized states suffers changes, the depolarization compensation technology is valid to compensate the changes [23].
Since all of the radar members are transmitting signals, the received signal for all the radar members are mixed signals containing its own desired back-scattered signal and scattered signals generated by others. Then, the signal received by the ODPA of the 
th radar member can be modelled as
where 
is the amplitude of the returned signal from the 
th radar member; 
is the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with mean value zero and variance 
.
In order to suppress those components coming from other radar members, several work based on the waveform design of the signal has been proposed [4–7, 9, 10]. The propagation processing also destroys the orthogonality of the waveforms. Due to the movement of the target, the relative speed rate of the target to each radar member is different, and the Doppler-shift and its uncertainty are essential to the waveform-design-based systems. In this paper, we make use of the polarization information to suppress those interferences. It is obvious that the polarization is independent of the frequency, and the Doppler-shift and its uncertainty.
2.2. Oblique Projections
Herein, we consider two full column rank matrices 
and 
, and suppose 
. The columns of 
and 
are nonoverlapped indicating that the intersection of the range subspaces 
and 
, respectively, spanned by 
and 
only contains vector 
. It is obvious that the condition of nonoverlapped implies that the vector spaces are linear independent. If their intersection of the range subspaces only contains vector 
, then they are called as disjointed vector spaces. Two vectors are disjointed does not imply that they are orthogonal with each other. It is easy to find that the composite matrix 
is also a full column rank matrix with rank 
.
The oblique projection operator along the subspace 
onto the subspace 
is defined as [20]
The properties of the oblique projection operator are as follows [20]:
It can be found that the range space of the oblique projection operator 
is 
, and 
is a subset of its null subspace.
As an extension to the orthogonal projection, oblique projection does not need the condition that the two subspaces are orthogonal. If they are orthogonal, the projection operator becomes the orthogonal projection operator.
3. OPPF in the Cooperative Scenario
According to the polarization information and equations (1) and (4), equation (5) can be rearranged in the matrix form and written as
We consider that all radar members share their polarization information. For convenience, we assume that there are two radar members in the RSN, that is, 
. It is proved that the OPPF can solve the problem of interference suppressions when there are more than two radar members [18]. We propose the polarization vector transformation (PVT) to fulfil the multiinterference suppressions based on the merits of the oblique projections.
The polarization can be defined as a domain or a subspace, and the polarized waves can be considered as belonging to its corresponding polarization subspace, or different polarized states are corresponding to different components of the polarization subspaces. It is obvious that two arbitrary different polarized states satisfy the requirement of disjointed. Signals with different polarized states can be represented by different components in the polarization subspaces. According to the fundamental theory of the oblique projection, the target signal (the desired return) polarization subspace 
and the interference (return from the second radar member) polarization subspace 
are defined as
Obviously, 
and 
are column vectors and are both full column rank (rank is 1). If the polarized states of the target and the interference are different, then the subspaces 
and 
are disjointed, where the composite matrix 
is a full column rank matrix.
Furthermore, we define
For two radar members, the signal received by the 1st radar member is described as
where 
and 
are
With (6), the oblique projection operator corresponding to the polarization subspaces of the target and the interference can be constructed to extract the target signal. The expression of formula (6) is expanded as [20]
where 
is the orthogonal projection operator onto the orthogonal complementary subspace of 
, which can be calculate as
where 
is the orthogonal projection operator onto the interference polarization subspace 
.
From (7), the output signal 
of the received signal passing through the oblique projection operator 
, can be obtained as
where 
is the result after 
passing through 
.
Formula (15) demonstrates that the interference is suppressed totally, and the output is the original target signal plus the additive Gaussian noise, with the amplitude and phase of the target signal remaining the same after projection processing. As long as the polarized states of the target signal and the interference are different, that is, the polarized angles and the phase difference in polarized angle are not equal simultaneously, then the oblique projection operator can suppress the interference totally and keep the amplitude and phase information of the target. The proposed scheme does not require the information of the frequency, the time-scale, and the Doppler-shift and its uncertainty. If the target signal and the interference are overlapped in the frequency domain, the interference can also be suppressed by using the oblique projection operator.
The output of the oblique projection operator is a two-dimension signal that contains the horizontal component and the vertical component, which keeps the entire information of the original signal including the polarization information. Therefore, posterior polarization processing is still available after adopting the proposed filtering algorithm, for example, another polarization filtering can be implemented. In order to obtain the one-dimension signal, we project the results obtained from the oblique projection orthogonally onto the subspace of 
, where 
is described as
The orthogonal projection can be written as
And 
can be defined as the OPPF operator 
where
The OPPF operator contains the polarization information of the target and the interference. If the polarized states of both the target signal and the interference are known, the OPPF operator can be constructed according to the formulaes (18)-(19) to extract the target signal.
Along the same analysis flow, it can be found out that the oblique projection operator 
along subspace 
onto subspace 
can also extract the components of 
. Hence, in the cooperative RSN, each radar can obtain its own target signal while suppressing other radar members' interfering signals, since 
and 
.
Consider that there are more than two radar members in the RSN, that is, 
. For simplicity of analysis, we assume there are three radar members, while it can be extended to more radar members in a straightforward way.
Let
Therefore, the received signal of the 1st radar member can be written as
It is easy to find that the linear model for oblique projections is not a full column rank matrix, the model is a matrix belonging to 
, that is, 
. In order to construct a model that satisfies the full-rank property, we utilize the polarization vector transformation (PVT) to transform the target signal into a vertically polarized waves.
The transformation matrix is defined as [15]
where
Let 
, and 
, that is, 
denotes the vertical polarization. It is easy to obtain that 
. Then after the transformation, the returned signal of the 1st user is a vertically polarized waves.
After the transformation by 
, (21) is obtained as
We focus on the polarization changes of other two radar members. It can be achieved that
where 
, 
, 
, and 
(
) are the parameters after transformation by 
.
Then the horizontal component of the transformed signal, that is, the first array of the matrix, can be obtained as,
Ignoring the absolute phase of interferences, (26) is achieved as
where 
, and 
are both real numbers. Particularly, 
and 
can be chosen as the modulus of the complex number 
and 
, or can be also just selected the real part of 
and 
.
We can add the 
as the third component of the signal
Therefore, the system model can be constructed as,
If the target signal and the two interferences hold the different polarized states, it can be verified that the matrix 
is a full-rank one, that is, 
. According to (6) and (13), the OPPF can be established, and the oblique projection operator can be written as
where
After the projection process, the other two radar members' returned signals are suppressed. We select only the first two array components of the projection results since the third array is a virtual component.
For more than three radar members, we can select 
and 
as different parameters. Take four radar members as an instance, for the 
st user, it should add at least two virtual components to its true received signals. The first virtual component can be selected according to the analysis mentioned above, and the second component can be selected according to the following principle: transform the second radar member's polarization to vertical polarization, then repeat the same process.
Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the radar member's receiver in the RSN. The signal received by the 
radar member's ODPA is fed to the Transformer 
and the Combination Device, and the parameters of 
are selected from the Set of Polarized States (SPS) which contain all radar members' polarized states. Each radar member is equipped with the Estimator of Polarized State (EPS). After transformation by 
, the results are fed to the Combination Device, and the Combination Device combines the true signals and the virtual signals as a new signal. Finally, the new signal is fed to the OPPF, and the OPPF suppresses other radar members' signals.
Block diagram of the radar member's receiver in the RSN.
4. Detailed Analysis and Simulation Results
In order to fully understand the performance of the proposed OPPF, the detailed analysis and the simulation results are presented in this section.
If the polarized states are not exactly estimated, that is, some estimation errors are introduced, we also consider the case of two-radar-member in the RSN for simplifying the complexity of analysis. For the 1st user, if 
cannot be estimated exactly, 
will suffer distortions after passing through the OPPF, since the oblique projection cannot be established correctly. And if the estimation of 
is not the exact value, the component of 
cannot be suppressed totally.
Considering that there is estimation error on 
while other parameters are exactly estimated, the filtering operator 
which is established by the incorrect parameter is different from the filtering operator 
obtained from the exact parameters. Suppose that the output of the received signal after passing through 
is 
and the output of the received signal after passing through 
is 
, then 
is obtained as
The absolute error between the desired output 
and the actual output 
can be obtained as
And the relative error is given by
For simplicity of analysis, let the polarized angle of target signal be 
, and assume the estimation of polarized angle be 
. Then, the absolute error and relative error are
Figure 3 illustrates the relationship between the relative error and the estimation error on 
(the exact value of 
is 90°). As can be seen from the figure, when the estimation 
is fixed, the relative error has the relationship with 
: the smaller the angle is, the less the errors will be introduced, which can be easily demonstrated from the PF theory. We can also prove that the larger the polarization difference, the better the performance. For example, when 
is 89.5° and 
is 60°, the relative error is 1.8
; when 
is 20°, the relative error is 0.4
. If the relative error must be controlled below 10
, the estimation error on 
cannot be more than 1°.
Relationship between 
, 
and the relative error.
Relationship between between 
, 
and 
.
When there is estimation error on 
, the interference cannot be totally suppressed for the 
st radar member. The performance degradation brought by the estimation error is analyzed by the relationship between the error deviation 
on 
and the gain of signal-to-interference ratio 
.
The signal-to-interference ratio of the received signal 
is
Since there is estimation error on 
, the OPPF operator is not an accurate one. if the parameters in formula (18) are denoted by 
, 
, and 
, the signal-to-interference ratio after OPPF is given by
The gain of signal-to-interference ratio is
By (38), the gain of signal-to-interference ratio has a relationship with the difference between 
and the error deviation 
. The larger the 
is, the larger the 
can be obtained. In order to get good 
performance, a moderately large difference between the polarized angles of each radar member should be designed.
Fig. 4 describes the relationship between 
, 
and 
. When 
is 0.1° and 
is 60°, he gain of signal-to-interference ratio which can be obtained is about 54dB, and if 
is 30°, the gain of signal-to-interference ratio is 50 dB. When 
is 1° and 
are 60° and 45°, the gains of signal-to-interference ratio are 34 dB and 32 dB, respectively. This indicates that the gain of signal-to-interference ratio is sensitive to 
.
To show the performance when the RSN adopts the proposed OPPF intuitively, we verify its performance by using 
simulations.
Figure 5 shows the filtering performance comparison between the proposed OPPF and the NPSPF. The sampling rate of this simulation is 1 GHz. The target signal is a linear frequency modulation (LFM) type with the amplitude 1.5 A, the initial normalized frequency 0.001, and the final normalized frequency 0.15. The interferences are two LFM signals with amplitudes 3 A and 2
, the initial normalized frequency 0.1 and 0.13, and the final normalized frequency 0.2 and 0.3, respectively. we let both the target and the interferences be the vertical polarization. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is 10 dB. The yellow dashed line is the received signal. The filtering result of the OPPF is illustrated in the form of the red line. It can be clearly seen that the interferences are suppressed effectively, and the original LFM type target signal appears after the operation of the OPPF. The blue line is the filtering result of the NPSPF, since both the target and the interferences are vertically polarized, they are cancelled simultaneously by the NPSPF. This simulation result shows that the application scope of the proposed OPPF is wider than the NPSPF when introducing the PF into RSNs for interference suppressions.
Filtering performance comparison between the OPPF and the NPSPF.
In Figure 6, we simulate an environment where there is a continuous-time type interference. The radar member radiates the pulses with LFM pattern modulation. Figure 6(a) is the expected returned signal for the radar member without AWGN. The SIR in this simulation is −12 dB, and the SNR is 12 dB. The polarized states of the target and the interference are defined as follows: the target signal is a linear polarization with the polarized angle 60°, and the interference is a right-handed circular polarization. Figure 6(b) shows the received signal for the radar member, and we can find out that the returned pulses are embedded in the interference and cannot be detected directly from the received signal. The filtering result of the OPPF is illustrated in the Figure 6(c), and the two pulses can be easily detected after the operation by the OPPF. This shows the application of the OPPF is valid for RSNs.
Filtering performance of the OPPF for radar member.
In order to fully validate the effectiveness of the OPPF for RSNs, we consider there are three radar members in the RSN. The expected returned signal is shown in Figure 7(a). The interferences coming from other two radar members are simulated as follows: the first interference is one radar member's scattered signals, and the second interference is the transmitted signal of the other radar member and this transmitted signal is modulated with the Gaussian envelope. Figure 7(b) is the received signal of the radar member. After filtering by the OPPF, the returned signal for the radar member is shown in Figure 7(c).
Filtering performance of the OPPF for RSNs.
In Figure 8, there are two radar members in the RSN, and the received signal for the desired radar member is shown in Figure 8(b). It can be seen that the returned signals of the two radar members overlap in the pulse-width distance. After the processing by the OPPF, the returned signals for the desired radar member is shown in Figure 8(c).
Filtering Performance of the OPPF for RSNs.
These simulation results show that once the polarization of each radar member is different from each other, the proposed OPPF are valid when dealing with the problem of interference suppressions for RSNs. Moreover, after the operation of the OPPF, the diversity combination can also be available, besides the spatial and the time diversity, the polarization diversity can also be exploited in the OPPF-based RSNs.
5. Conclusion
In the RSNs, the radar members interfere with each other if their waveforms are nonorthogonal and this introduces degradation to the detection and estimation performance of the RSNs. In this paper, we introduce the polarization information rather than the waveform design for RSNs, and discuss the feasibility when using the proposed oblique projection polarization filtering (OPPF)-based scheme to suppress the interferences in a cooperative RSN where all the polarization information of the radar member are shared. The analysis shows that the Doppler-shift and its uncertainty are independent of the polarization information, which contributes that the interferences can be suppressed without the utilization of the spatial, the temporal, the frequency, the time-delay, and the Doppler-shift information. Theoretical analysis and the mathematical deduction show that the proposed scheme is a valid and simple implementation to the interference suppressions problems for RSNs. Simulation results also illustrates a good filtering performance when adopting the proposed OPPF for the cooperative RSN.
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Acknowledgment
This work has been supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC) under the Grant No. 60432040 No. 60702034 and the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No. 2007CB310606.
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Cao, B., Zhang, QY., Jin, L. et al. Oblique Projection Polarization Filtering-Based Interference Suppressions for Radar Sensor Networks. J Wireless Com Network 2010, 605103 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/605103
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/605103