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EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
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  • Research
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Design on a lag-lead emendation network for some missile control system

EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking20172017:47

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-017-0830-6

©  The Author(s). 2017

  • Received: 16 November 2016
  • Accepted: 1 March 2017
  • Published:

Abstract

Aiming at solving the problem that the adaptability of some missiles in highland environment is bad, the stability of some missile control system in highland environment is analyzed by the method of frequency domain. For the problem existed, the lag-lead emendation network for the missile control system is designed and the conclusion analyzed proves that the emendation network improves the stability of the control system. At last, the circuit for this emendation network is designed and analyzed, and also the parameters for components and integrate circuits are also given.

Keywords

  • Control system
  • Lag-lead
  • Emendation network

1 Introduction

A certain anti-tank missile can only be used in plain area, and it cannot adapt to high-altitude environment in which it cannot fly stably even to drop to the ground. To analyze the above problem in low-cost condition, this paper analyzes the stability of the control system under high-altitude environment with frequency domain analysis method. To improve the adaptability of the missile in highland environment, emendation network for the control system is designed. The feasibility of the emendation network is validated and it can improve the adaptability of the control system under high-altitude environment, for the phase stability and the amplitude stability are both eligible. The work in this paper is based on [1], in which the control system of this missile is analyzed and the model of control system is constructed.

2 Control system analysis at high altitude

The control and guide equipment of the certain missile consists of three subsystems (goniometer, control box, and the missile body) and eight functional modules (angle measurement unit, amplitude limitation unit, distance transform unit, overshoot network unit, gravity-compensating instruction unit, non-linear control unit, missile body and kinetic unit, and view transition unit). Considering the complexity of the actual system, parts of the units are simplified when modeling. According to the analysis method of the missile control system, the pitch control channel can be simplified into second order mode. According to the already known transfer function, the transfer functions of the missile body and the attack angle α can be obtained. The transfer function from the input instructions to output of the inclination angle variation rate can be represented as [1]
$$ {W}_K^{\overset{.}{\varTheta}}(s)=\frac{k_K^{\overset{.}{\varTheta}}{\omega}_n^2}{s^2+2\xi {\omega}_n s+{\omega}_n^2} $$
(1)
Equation (1) is usually called missile body unit. The transfer function of the attack angle α is shown in Eq. (2).
$$ {W}_K^{\alpha}(s)=\frac{k_K^{\alpha}{\omega}_n^2}{s^2+2\xi {\omega}_n s+{\omega}_n^2} $$
(2)

Where inherent frequency is \( {\omega}_n=\sqrt{a_2+{a}_1{a}_4} \); amplification coefficients are \( {k}_K^{\overset{.}{\varTheta}}\approx \frac{a_3{a}_4}{a_2+{a}_1{a}_4} \) and \( {k}_K^{\alpha}\approx \frac{a_3}{a_2+{a}_1{a}_4} \), respectively; and the relative damping coefficient is \( \xi =\frac{a_1+{a}_4}{2\sqrt{a_2+{a}_1{a}_4}} \). Parameters from a 1 to a 5 are dynamic coefficients of the pitching movement, with unit s−1.

In order to analyze the influence of atmosphere density to the stability of the control system theoretically, stability criterion of minimum phase systems is used to analyze the stability of the control system under highland environment. In contrast, the parameter ρ depicting atmosphere density under high-altitude environment is set to 0.6 times of the plain area atmosphere density. The other parameters are kept unchanged.

According to the components of the control system, the open-loop gain of the guidance loop can be written as
$$ \begin{array}{c}{G}_k(s)=\left[{W}_{\varepsilon}(s)\cdotp {W}_D(s)+ G(s)\right]\cdotp {W}_K^{\overset{.}{\varTheta}}(s)\cdotp {W}_{\mathrm{Y}}(s)\\ {}=\left[\frac{204}{0.05 s+1}\frac{0.455 s+1}{1.5\left(0.045 s+1\right)\left(0.022 s+1\right)}+\frac{3.31 s+0.0678}{s^2}\right]\frac{23.11}{s^2+1.93 s+121.13}\frac{1}{s^2}\\ {}\approx \left[\frac{204}{0.05 s+1}\frac{0.455 s+1}{1.5\left(0.045 s+1\right)\left(0.022 s+1\right)}+\frac{3.31}{s}\right]\frac{23.11}{s^2+1.93 s+121.13}\frac{1}{s^2}\\ {}=\frac{0.0037{s}^3+1430.4{s}^2+3152 s+76.49}{s^3\left(0.05 s+1\right)\left(0.045 s+1\right)\left(0.022 s+1\right)\left({s}^2+1.93 s+121.13\right)}\end{array} $$
(3)
According to Eq. (3), the corresponding open-loop bode curve can be obtained, as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Open-loop bode diagram of the control system within 3 s

Where the amplitude crossover frequency is ω c  = 13.685 rad/s, the phase stability margin is γ = −160.144°, the phase crossover frequency is ω g  = 8.683 rad/s, and the gain stability margin is h = 0.342, respectively.

According to the stability criterion of minimum phase system, the simulated amplitude crossover frequency ω c is larger than phase crossover frequency ω g . It indicates that the original control system is unstable at high altitudes. Meanwhile, the oscillation amplitude and frequency is large, which also means the control system is unstable. The adjusting time of the system is too long for the crossover frequency is too low, which results in the response of the system to instructions being slow [1].

3 Design of the lag-lead emendation network

3.1 Emendation unit analysis for the original system

Autopilot is important to improve the stability and dynamic performance of the original control system, but it needs completely redesign of the missile. Therefore, autopilot is not suitable in the original control system. In this paper, we proposed a method to improve the stability and dynamic performance of the original control system, in which the framework of the original control system is unchanged. The content of the instructions generated by control box is modified. In fact, the instructions are digital and easy to change. The best way to modify the instructions of the control box is to modify the emendation unit.

Specifically, the improvement to the missile control system includes three steps [2].
  1. (1)

    Build the transfer function of the control loop;

     
  2. (2)

    Design the emendation unit in frequency domain;

     
  3. (3)

    Validate the design via trajectory simulation.

     
The transfer function of the over shoot network unit in the original control system can be represented as
$$ {W}_D(s)= K\cdotp \frac{0.455 s+1}{\left(0.045 s+1\right)\left(0.022 s+1\right)} $$
(4)
Due to Eq. (5), the emendation unit belongs to lead emendation, which can provide with positive phase angle and higher cutoff frequency. Therefore, the system dynamic performance can be enhanced. But the promotion of the phase stability margin γ is not obvious, resulting in the smaller phase stability margin for the emendation unit and lower stability [3].
$$ \arctan \frac{0.455}{1}- \arctan \frac{0.045}{1}- \arctan \frac{0.022}{1}>0 $$
(5)

The open-loop phase stability margin γ is merely −160.15°. Larger phase stability margin γ is needed and the cutoff frequency is not too small.

According to the empirical data of the classical control theory, lead emendation can provide positive phase angle and increase the cutoff frequency. But it can only provide phase stability margin about 40° to 60°; the lag emendation decrease the cutoff frequency for a larger phase angle. Therefore, we need to combine the lead and lag emendation together to increase the system phase stability angle and enhance the stability.

3.2 Bode diagram design of the lag-lead emendation

3.2.1 Design requirement for emendation network

The transfer function of the lag-lead emendation network can be written as
$$ {G}_c(s)= K{G}_{c1}(s)\times {G}_{c2}(s)= K\frac{1+{T}_1 s}{1+\beta {T}_1 s}\cdotp \frac{1+{T}_2 s}{1+\alpha {T}_2 s} $$
(6)
In the design process, adjustment parameters of the characteristic points are designed separately. Then, the emendation parameters at each time points in the flying process are calculated with linear interpolation. The design requirements are shown in below.
  1. (1)

    To keep the gain stability margin h, the phase stability margin γ is not less than 30°;

     
  2. (2)

    To avoid resonance of the missile body, the close-loop cutoff frequency must be less than 0.3 times of the inherent frequency of the missile body, ω c  ≤ 14.13 rad/s;

     
  3. (3)

    To ensure the missile not falling on the ground in the uncontrolled flying stage, the system overshoot needs as small as possible.

     

3.2.2 Procedure for emendation network design

According to classical automatic control theory, the procedure for design phase lag emendation unit using bode diagram is shown as follows [4, 5].
  1. (1)

    Calculate the open-loop gain K satisfying the performance requirement of given error coefficients.

     
  2. (2)

    Plotting the system bode diagram before emendation, while calculate the amplitude stability margin L m (G m ), crossover frequency ω g of –π, phase stability margin γ (P m ), and cutoff frequency ω c1 (ω cp ). Check whether the requirements are satisfied. If not, continue to the next step.

     
  3. (3)
    Determine the parameters of transfer function for the lag emendation unit:
    $$ {G}_{c1}(s)=\frac{1+{T}_1 s}{1+\beta {T}_1 s} $$
    (7)
    Where these parameters can be chosen in engineering as follows:
    $$ \frac{1}{T_1}=0.1{\omega}_{c1}\kern1.5em \beta =8\sim 10 $$
     
  4. (4)

    Choose a new system cutoff frequency ω c2 to make the phase provided by lead emendation unit satisfying the requirement of system phase stability margin γ. Meanwhile, the total amplitude frequency attenuation of the original system add the lag emendation unit reaching 0 dB, which means the L curve crosses the horizontal coordinate axis at ω c2.

     
  5. (5)
    Determine the parameters of transfer function for the lead emendation unit:
    $$ {G}_{c2}(s)=\frac{1+{T}_2 s}{1+\alpha {T}_2 s} $$
    (8)
    Where α < 1 and can be expressed by the following equation.
    $$ 20 \log \alpha = L\left({\omega}_{c2}\right) $$
    (9)
    L(ω c2) (expressed by dB) is the amplitude frequency characteristic of the original system plus lag emendation unit. Where ω c2 and T 2 are shown in below.
    $$ {\omega}_{c2}={\omega}_m=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\alpha}{T}_2}\kern1.5em {T}_2=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\alpha}{\omega}_m} $$
    (10)
     
  6. (6)

    Plot the system bode diagram after emendation and check system frequency domain performance.

     
  7. (7)

    Build close-loop system and validate the performance of the system.

     

3.2.3 Calculate the parameters of the emendation network

We will analyze the open-loop gain G(s) for the original guidance loop at 3 s of missile flying. For the emendation unit is not added to this moment, therefore, it is not reasonable to design the emendation network when the gravity compensation is added to the transfer function [6]. The gravity-compensating unit is deleted when designing emendation network, for gravity-compensating instruction is disturbing signal in the guidance loop and does not affect the properties of the system itself. The gravity-compensating instruction is added to the guidance loop in system performance simulation. The open-loop transfer function can be represented as
$$ \begin{array}{l}{G}_k^{\prime }(s)={W}_{\varepsilon}(s)\cdotp {W}_K^{\overset{.}{\varTheta}}(s)\cdotp {W}_{\mathrm{Y}}(s)\\ {}\kern2.25em =\frac{204}{0.05 s+1}\cdotp \frac{23.11}{s^2+1.93 s+121.13}\cdotp \frac{1}{s^2}\\ {}\kern2.25em =\frac{4714.4}{s^2\left(0.05 s+1\right)\left({s}^2+1.93 s+121.13\right)}\end{array} $$
(11)
According to the method above, the lag-lead emendation procedure is realized in Matlab environment. First, design the lag unit:

% Open-loop gain

K = 1/1.65;

% Lag emendation unit

wc = 12; beta = 8.5;

T = 1/(0.1*wc);

betat = beta*T;

Gc1 = tf([T 1],[betat 1])

According to the code above, the transfer function of the lag emendation network can be obtained:
$$ {G}_{c1}(s)=\frac{0.8333 s+1}{7.083 s+1} $$
(12)
Substitute the transfer function above into the transfer function of the original system to modify the original transfer function. The Matlab code of design lead emendation network is below.

% Lead emendation unit

den1 = conv([1 0 0 0],[1 1.93 121.13]);

den2 = conv([7.083 1],[0.05 1]);

den = conv(den1,den2);

num = conv([0 4714.7],[0.8333 1]);

sope = tf(num,den);

gama = 50;wc = 12;

[Gc] = leadc(1,sope,[gama])

According to the code above, the transfer function for the lead emendation network is
$$ {G}_{c2}(s)=\frac{1.232 s+1}{0.1225 s+1} $$
(13)
Therefore, the transfer function of the emendation unit is
$$ {G}_c(s)= K{G}_{c1}(s)\times {G}_{c2}(s)=\frac{1}{1.65}\cdotp \frac{0.8333 s+1}{7.083 s+1}\cdotp \frac{1.232 s+1}{0.1225 s+1} $$
(14)

3.2.4 Bode diagram check in frequency domain

Substitute the modified transfer function into the original guidance loop and the transfer function of the whole system can be obtained:
$$ \begin{array}{l}{G}_k(s)=\left[{W}_{\varepsilon}(s)\cdotp {G}_c(s)+ G(s)\right]\cdotp {W}_K^{\overset{.}{\varTheta}}(s)\cdotp {W}_{\mathrm{Y}}(s)\\ {}=\left[\frac{204}{0.05 s+1}\cdotp \frac{1}{1.65}\cdotp \frac{0.8333 s+1}{7.083 s+1}\cdotp \frac{1.232 s+1}{0.1225 s+1}+\frac{3.31 s+0.0678}{s^2}\right]\cdotp \frac{23.11}{s^2+1.93 s+121.13}\cdotp \frac{1}{s^2}\\ {}\approx \left[\frac{204}{0.05 s+1}\cdotp \frac{1}{1.65}\cdotp \frac{0.8333 s+1}{7.083 s+1}\cdotp \frac{1.232 s+1}{0.1225 s+1}+\frac{3.31}{s}\right]\cdotp \frac{23.11}{s^2+1.93 s+121.13}\cdotp \frac{1}{s^2}\\ {}=23.11\cdotp \frac{127.98{s}^3+84.66{s}^2+150.91 s+3.31}{s^3\left(0.05 s+1\right)\left(7.083 s+1\right)\left(0.1225 s+1\right)\left({s}^2+1.93 s+121.13\right)}\end{array} $$
(15)
Analyze the modified transfer function in frequency domain.

den1 = conv([1 0 0 0],[1 1.93 121.13]);

den2 = conv([0.05 1],[7.083 1]);

den3 = conv(den2,[0.1225 1]);

den = conv(den1,den3);

num = 23.11.*[127.98 84.66 150.91 3.31];

G = tf(num,den);

bode(G)

margin(G)

[Gm,pm,Wg,Wp] = margin(G)

Output the system open-loop bode diagram after emendation, as shown in Fig. 2. Where M is open-loop amplitude margin (unit, dB) and P is phase margin (unit, deg)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2

System open-loop bode diagram after emendation

According to the figure above, the amplitude crossover frequency is ω c  = 3.1191 rad/s, the phase stability margin γ = 46.2027°, the phase crossover frequency ω g  = 8.4006 rad/s, and the amplitude stability margin is h = 1.6856.

According to the results above, γ = 46.2027° satisfies the commonly used 30°–70°criterion in engineering design and the crossover frequency is indeed less than 14.13 rad/s satisfying the requirement above.

When the missile flied 7 s, only the second order oscillation block changed and the code modifies work that is omitted here. After analysis, it can be concluded that the transfer function of the emendation unit satisfies the stability condition in frequency domain.

In short, the lag-lead emendation unit based on bode diagram can satisfy the control system stability of the missile in high-altitude environment.

4 Circuit design of the emendation network

For emendation network design, circuit design is needed to achieve the final goal. In engineering, the circuit is usually emendation equipment composed by operational amplifier and resistor-capacitor network [7–10]. We will design active emendation device for the lag-lead emendation network.

This kind of lag-lead emendation network can be expressed in the following equation.
$$ {G}_c(s)={G}_0\cdotp \frac{T_2 s+1}{T_1 s+1}\cdotp \frac{T_3 s+1}{T_4 s+1} $$
(16)
Considering the transfer function of the lag-lead emendation, the above equation can be expressed as follows.
$$ {G}_c(s)=\frac{1}{1.65}\cdotp \frac{0.8333 s+1}{7.083 s+1}\cdotp \frac{1.232 s+1}{0.1225 s+1} $$
(17)

The value of each parameter can be obtained: G 0 = 0.606, T 1 = 7.083, T 2 = 1.232, T 3 = 0.8333, and T 4 = 0.1225

The logarithmic amplitude frequency curve of this kind of transfer function is shown in Fig. 3. From the curve, the performance of the emendation network in the frequency domain can be seen.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Logarithmic amplitude frequency characteristic curve

The corresponding circuit of the active emendation device for this kind of transfer function is shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4

Circuit of the active emendation device

According to the basic knowledge of the circuits, the following proximity equations can be obtained using virtual short and virtual fault theory of the amplifier.
$$ \begin{array}{l}\kern2.75em {G}_0=\frac{R_2+{R}_3+{R}_5}{R_1}\kern2.25em {T}_1={R}_3{C}_1\\ {}{T}_2=\left[\left({R}_2+{R}_5\right)//{R}_3\right]{C}_1\kern1em {T}_3={R}_5{C}_2\kern1.25em {T}_4=\frac{R_4{T}_3}{R_4+{R}_6}\end{array} $$
(18)

Substitute C 1 = 1μF, C 2 = 10μF, R 4 = 10Ω, and R 7 = 1KΩ into the above equation, and the value of the resistance and the capacitance is R 1 = 14.3MΩ, R 2 = 7MΩ, R 3 = 1.5KΩ, R 5 = 83KΩ, and R 6 = 58Ω.The magnification of the amplifier is K = 50.

From the above analysis, the value of each element is determined. According to the current and voltage of the circuit, the components of the circuit can be obtained.

5 Conclusions

In order to improve the stability of a certain missile in highland environment, the lag-lead emendation network is designed. The stability of the control system is checked using bode diagram based on frequency domain analysis. The simulation results show that the designed emendation network can improve the stability of the control system. The circuit implementation of the emendation network is analyzed and the values of the components in the circuit are given. Electromagnetic shielding, disturbance of different wire, or the voltage matching situation needs to be considered in the implementation process of the circuit. These factors will cause the circuit occurring minor change. Therefore, in the process from emendation network to actual circuit, there are still many specific problems which need to be further studied.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

This research was supported the by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 1494, 61602346.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Shijiazhuang Mechanical Engineering College, Shijiazhuang, 050003, China
(2)
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
(3)
College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China

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Copyright

© The Author(s). 2017

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