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Multichannel simultaneous uplink and downlink transmission scheme for flexible duplexing

Abstract

The idea of adaptive usage of uplink frequency resources for other purposes, such as downlink data transmission, has attracted researchers for many years. As an extension of the conference paper on the same subject, this article discusses the concept of applying a multichannel simultaneous uplink and downlink transmission scheme for flexible duplexing, where the middle part of the so-called uplink component carrier is used for downlink data delivery. The realization of such an idea is based on the adaptive change of the transmit/reception mask at the base stations and/or mobile devices and the application of the non-contiguous transmission scheme. Beside a theoretical analysis, this paper provides the calculation results of the interference rise in the system.

1 Introduction

The problem of asymmetric traffic, typical for modern wireless networks, can be solved in various ways depending on the applied duplexing schemes between uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) data delivery. In time division duplexing (TDD), a fragment of the frequency spectrum is utilized in both directions of data transmission (i.e., from base station (BS) to mobile terminal (MT), and from MT to BS), and the split between UL and DL is done in the time domain. As the wireless standards typically provide a very detailed time hierarchy (i.e., transmitted bits are organized into frames, bursts, chunks), it can be foreseen that asymmetric traffic can be easily managed by the application of adaptive allocation of more time slots to that direction which needs to serve higher traffic. Such an approach has been discussed in, e.g., [1–4].

Contrarily, in the classical frequency division duplexing mode (FDD), the data between BS and MT can be delivered continuously in the time domain in both directions if needed, but the split between UL and DL is realized in the spectrum domain, i.e., dedicated fragments of the frequency spectrum are assigned to each transmission direction. In such a case, the problem of asymmetric traffic can be solved by allowing data transmission in a selected direction in both bands. In other words, UL band can be utilized for DL transmission and vice-versa. Some interesting discussion can be found in, e.g., [5, 6]. It is also worth noticing here that the frequency bands dedicated for UL and DL transmission are separated by a dedicated frequency gap guaranteeing enough isolation between the transmit and receive signals. This isolation is required, as the problem of efficient canceling of strong interference at the reception interface echoed from the transmitted one is not mature enough today, although much progress has been achieved in the area of wireless full-duplex transmission [7, 8]. These observations have to be considered while realizing the concept of adaptive utilization of both frequency bands for data delivery only in one direction.

In our work, we concentrate on FDD scheme with particular attention given to LTE/LTE-A systems. Our motivation behind such a selection is to provide new technological solutions, while keeping the backward compatibility with current standards. In other words, one may notice that many of the existing wireless standards (including practical deployments of LTE) are based on FDD mode. Thus, it is highly expected that the existing infrastructure will be utilized as effectively as possible, and flexible usage of frequency bands in such a scenario can be one of the interesting solutions. Moreover, we assume that the amount of traffic in the DL direction is much higher than in the opposite direction, as this represents a typical situation in crowded areas where the role of the dominating service is played by mobile video streaming [9]. Clearly, an opposite situation is also possible (one can consider mass events where many persons decide to upload the photos or videos), but it is not as popular as the previous one. Finally, in such a context, the selection of LTE-based systems is natural, as this is the technology that permanently supersedes 3G systems in many places in the world. However, the application of flexible duplexing (FD) in FDD-LTE is not straightforward, due to the continuous transmission of control signals in PUCCH in the UL band (PUCCH stands for physical uplink control channel). It means that (potentially) every time there is a useful signal present in the uplink band, and it is not possible to allocate the whole UL band for downlink transmission without interfering to the base station.

One of the possible solutions in such a case is to apply the TDD mode in the uplink band [1]. In other words, the whole DL band is utilized for delivering data from BS to MT only (so the classic FDD transmission scheme is kept in the DL band), but the UL band is split in time into equal time slots which can be adaptively assigned to UL or DL depending on the current traffic in both directions. In this context, it is worth mentioning the further developments in this topic, known as the TDD Enhanced Interference Management and Traffic Adaptation (eIMTA) [10, 11], also standardized in release 12 of LTE [12]. Here, the split between the uplink and downlink data is considered to be flexible and modified adaptively to the observed traffic.

In the approach discussed in this paper, we propose to use the uplink bands in a highly flexible way, so that the split between uplink and downlink traffic depends mainly on the current user demands and assumed priorities. We consider simultaneous data transmission in both uplink and downlink directions, implementing advanced adaptive transmission/reception filtering for out-of-band attenuation. In general, this technique allows us to utilize the middle part of the uplink component carrier for DL transmission. Clearly, such a transmission scheme results in an interference rise observed inside the serving and all surrounding cells. Thus, in order to evaluate the proposed scheme, we have analyzed its impact on the interference boost observed by other users (mobile terminals or base stations). Based on that analysis, we propose to apply simple resource allocation techniques for further enhancements in the proposed scheme, as well as we discuss the backward compatibility of that study. The key idea of the paper is to check the possibility of utilizing of all available uplink resources for downlink transmission, assuming that some of these uplink resources are already occupied by legacy UL transmission and need to be protected. This approach is highly flexible and can be used as a solution for advanced spectrum utilization in 5G networks. Moreover, the proposed technique can also guarantee backward compatibility with 4G systems. Thus, in order to check the correctness of the proposed approach (i.e., simultaneous uplink and downlink transmission) and its backward compatibility, we intentionally modeled a 4G-like scenario where uplink control data are transmitted at the edges of the uplink band.

As the paper is an extension of the work presented in [13], the key novelties of this contribution can be summarized as follows:

  • First, we have applied the proposed flexible duplexing (FD) scheme in an advanced case, i.e., when multiple component carriers are applied in the system. In particular, we focus on the carrier aggregation scenario when the mobile network operator utilizes two adjacent component carriers for uplink transmission, and the flexible duplexing algorithms are applied for all component carriers simultaneously. Although we provide the analysis for two component carriers, let us note that it can be easily extended to other carrier aggregation schemes, where more component carriers are treated jointly.

  • Second, we have calculated the maximum allowable values of the transmit power for small cells which work in flexible duplexing mode and which are deployed among macro base stations.

  • Third, we have provided the analytic analysis of the interference existing in the considered scheme, i.e. when there is simultaneous UL and DL transmission in the UL channel; comparing to the previous works, we have considered the legacy systems, where Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal (in DL) is interfering with uplink SC-FDMA (single-carrier frequency division multiple access) transmissions; our intention is to discuss the flexible duplexing transmission mode in a case when backward compatibility is guaranteed.

  • Fourth, we have simulated the impact of the parallel UL transmission on the efficiency of considered flexible duplexing scheme.

The paper is structured as follows. In the next section, we briefly remind selected techniques proposed for flexible duplexing and present a few potential application scenarios including the key limiting factors of the LTE/LTE-A systems. We also discuss the main idea of simultaneous data transmission and the method of pre-calculating the transmit/reception masks. This discussion is followed by the theoretical derivations of the interference power observed in the considered multichannel scheme. In the next section, we discuss two use cases, i.e., when one and more component carriers are used. The analysis is followed by a presentation of the obtained numerical results for numerous simulation scenarios. Finally, we provide the concluding remarks.

2 Flexible duplexing for 4G and 5G—case with single-component carrier

2.1 TDD mode applied in uplink band

The concept of flexible utilization of unused frequency resources in FDD-based wireless communication systems is one of the immediate solutions that appeared during the discussion on the effective management of asymmetric traffic in current and future networks. As introduced in the previous section, various schemes have been considered so far (please see the discussion also in, e.g., [1]), but the most focus has been put on TDD-based solutions. In such a case, the UL band is utilized following the time division duplex mode, where for certain time slots, the UL channel is used for downlink data transmission. Clearly, such a scheme results in an interference increase observed by other system users (for example, by those located in the surrounding cells). In order to minimize the impact of this phenomenon, quite often, (almost) ideal synchronization between cells is considered. This issue is illustrated in Fig. 1, where a frame consisting of 10 subframes is shown.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Examples of flexible duplexing schemes in TDD mode [13]

In the upper part, the classic case is shown, where the whole UL band is used only for UL transmission. In such a case, one can ideally assume the lack of interference between the neighboring cells (in the figure, we used the names cell A and cell B). In the middle part of the figure, some arbitrarily selected UL subframes are used for DL data transmission, causing interference to the adjacent cells. The problem is more severe if there are some synchronization problems between the cells, as shown in the bottom part of the figure.

2.2 Use cases for transmission scheme with single-component carrier

There are various practical use cases considered in the context of flexible duplexing that can be found in the literature. In order to illustrate the idea we show two of them below. First, as discussed in the previous subsection, one can apply flexible duplexing at the macro cell level. Thus, it is the macro base station that decides to assign some of the slots for downlink transmission, and such a transmission scheme is unique within the whole cell. The interference is then observed in the neighboring cells—please see Fig. 2. Another case includes the presence of small cells, i.e., there is more flexibility in assigning the subframes for UL or DL transmission, as this decision can be made either at the macro, or small-cell level. In the latter case, interference is induced into both serving and neighboring sites, as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Two macro cell scenario

Fig. 3
figure 3

Two macro cell and one small-cell scenario [13]

2.3 Proposed simultaneous flexible duplexing scheme for single-component carrier transmission scheme

Let us now consider an FDD-LTE-based system operating in both macro cells (hereafter denoted as cell A and cell B) with the frequency reuse factor close to unity; the application of the soft frequency reuse can be considered as well, but it does not influence the idea investigated here. In such a case, the uplink component carrier is used, broadly speaking, for user data delivery (realized in PUSCH, standing for physical uplink shared channel) and for uplink control information transmission (typically performed via PUCCH). It is important to notice that the PUCCH data are transmitted using small frequency segments located on the borders of the component carrier. In the considered scenario, we focus on the case when the UL channel (in cell B) is used only for conveying control information, and there are no user data to be delivered to the base station. At the same time, cell A is using the middle part of its own component carrier for downlink transmission, causing some interference rise. The idea is illustrated in Fig. 4, where the first seven subframes are managed in the way described above. We foresee that the proposed scheme can be extended to a more flexible situation where the fragment of the UL band will also be used for user data transmission (as shown in the last three subframes); this is a topic for further investigation. Please notice that we have also intentionally illustrated the presence of interference observed within the serving cell (cell A), as the resource blocks used for PUCCH delivery in cell A will be affected by the DL transmission in the middle of the band.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Proposed scheme for simultaneous flexible duplexing [13]

The key concept proposed by us is to apply advanced, adaptive spectrum shaping algorithms originally considered to be used in non-contiguous multicarrier transmission schemes [14]. These solutions can guarantee a significant reduction of unwanted out-of-band emission even in a very narrow frequency band at a reasonable complexity. Moreover, these algorithms can be applied at the beginning of a frame, allowing for a precalculation of the required spectrum masks (filter shapes). The moments when the new spectrum masks have to be changed within the cell are indicated by solid bold vertical lines in Fig. 4.

2.4 Sources of interference in non-orthogonal OFDM/SC-OFDM systems

The interference power in the considered scenario at the SC-OFDM receiver (cell B base station/eNodeB) comes from two sources [15]:

  • Out-of-band (OOB) radiation of the DL/UL transmitter-this is mostly the effect of sinc-like subcarrier spectrum. As it has been shown in [15], each subcarrier in the time domain can be represented by a complex sinusoid windowed using a rectangular window. However, there are a number of spectrum shaping methods designed in order to reduce OOB radiation power, e.g., [16, 17]. The simplest one is to use so-called guard subcarriers [15] by modulating subcarriers closest to the currently utilized spectrum bandwidth with zeros (i.e., subcarriers close to the PUCCH band in cell B are zeroed). Another source of OOB radiation is the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of an OFDM transmission carried using a nonlinear front-end. However, it can be effectively reduced using PAPR minimization or predistortion techniques [18]. The method that we use in this paper to reduce OOB radiation at TX side is an Optimized Cancellation Carriers Selection (OCCS) method [16]. Out of all allocated data subcarriers, some subcarriers are reserved for, so-called, cancellation carriers (CCs). Based on a set of complex data symbols modulating a given OFDM symbol, their frequency response in the OOB region is calculated. As CCs have non-zero frequency response in the same region (sinc-like shape of each subcarrier’s spectrum), their values are adjusted using least squares approximation so that total OOB radiation power is minimal. Most importantly, in [16] an algorithm for finding optimal CCs location is proposed. Additionally, for a given OFDM symbol, the optimization is limited to a single matrix-vector multiplication where matrix is complex valued, constant for a given system configuration and vector consists of data subcarriers symbols.

  • Limited selectivity of OFDM/SC-OFDM receiver-in a case when there is no user data transmission in the uplink (only the control channel is present), the middle part of the UL component carrier is empty, and only the resource blocks at the border convey useful data. However, the DFT operation is carried at the receiver on N consecutive incoming samples cut out from a stream of incoming samples. As such, time-domain windowing with N-length rectangular window is used. The reception filter characteristic of a single subcarrier has a sinc-like shape. If there is a DL signal (transmitted as stated above in the middle of the UL band) observed by the cell B receiver, high power sidelobes of a sinc function will cause interference on the used subcarrier (conveying control information). In order to overcome this problem, time-domain windowing or filtering should be applied at the receiver.

The interference phenomenon existing between both systems can be described analytically. The approach presented below is a new one as it describes interference between OFDM and SC-FDMA1. In [19] the interference was calculated between two different radio access technologies (e.g., OFDM and GFSK). Let us note, however, that in case of two FDM bases systems (SC-FDM and OFDM in our scheme), these two signal can be mutually orthogonal depending on the time and frequency synchronization between the considered systems. The interference analysis between two OFDM systems has been addressed, e.g., in [20], but that paper did not consider the interference when SC-FDMA transmission is applied. Additionally, it has used analog representation of OFDM modulation, while digital OFDM is a common standard. In the following, we provide the theoretical analysis of the interference phenomenon in the scenario considered in this paper for simultaneous flexible duplexing.

Let us assume that the SC-FDM/OFDM transceivers utilize the N point discrete Fourier transform (DFT) with occupied subcarriers constituting set \(\mathcal {I}\). Each element of \(\mathcal {I}\) belongs to set of available subcarrier indexes {−N/2,…,N/2−1}. In our analysis, we can consider only two consecutive symbols, i.e., 0th and -1st, without loss of generality. Each symbol has a cyclic prefix of the N CP samples. The interfered receiver utilizes N point IDFT and as such can span samples out of maximally two consecutive OFDM symbols. Most importantly, we will assume the signal is generated by SC-FDM transmitter and received by OFDM receiver. However, the shift in the transmitter by half of subcarrier spacing can be done at the receiver without causing differences in interference power. As such, the derived formula can be used to calculate interference power caused by OFDM transmitter to SC-FDMA receiver.

Let us note also that there is no need to consider here the DFT precoding applied normally at SC-FDMA transmitter. According to Parseval theorem, the interference power in the receiver after FFT block (applied as well in OFDM receiver) will be the same as after utilization of IFFT (specific for SC-FDMA).

Having the above assumptions in mind, the mth sample of the 0th SC-FDMA symbol (where m∈{−N CP,…,N−1}) is defined as

$$ s_{m}^{(0)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum_{n\in \mathcal{I}} d_{n}^{(0)}\mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{N}}, $$
(1)

where \(d_{n}^{(0)}\) is either QAM/PSK symbol (also after DFT precoding, if considered) transmitted at subcarrier indexed n, and the shift \(n+\frac {1}{2}\) is due to the application of the legacy SC-FDMA scheme, where such a shift in frequency is introduced. Such a time-domain signal passes through the multipath channel of L taps with impulse response h(l); the mobility of the users is also considered. The received signal normalized to subcarrier spacing is defined as:

$$ r_{m}=\sum\limits_{l=0}^{L-1}h(l)s_{m-l}\mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m \nu}{N}}, $$
(2)

where ν stands for the Deppler shift. Let us denote the time instant of the beginning of the receiver DFT window as m ′, so the signal observed at n ′th subcarrier is represented as

$$ R_{n',m'}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum\limits_{m=0}^{N-1}w_{m} r_{m+m'}\mathrm{e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac{n'm}{N}}, $$
(3)

where w m defines the reception window shape applied at the receiver side (e.g., rectangular, Hanning). Two cases are possible, first, when there is no inter-symbol interference (i.e., the receiver can be treated as to be symbol-synchronizedand there is only one symbol within the reception window; it is denoted hereafter as case A); and second, when there is lack of synchronization and fragments of two consecutive symbols are observed within the duration of the reception window (denoted hereafter as case B). In the following, we will consider these two cases separately, starting from the former one.

2.4.1 Case A-no inter-symbol interference

If we consider the case when m ′∈〈−N CP+L−1;0〉, so there will be no inter-symbol interference, then:

$$ {\begin{aligned} R_{n',m'}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum\limits_{m=0}^{N-1}w_{m} \sum\limits_{l=0}^{L-1}h(l) s_{m+m'-l}^{(0)} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m') \nu}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac{n'm}{N}}\\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum\limits_{m=0}^{N-1}w_{m} \sum\limits_{l=0}^{L-1}h(l) \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} d_{n}^{(0)} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m'-l)\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{N}}\\ &\quad\times\mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m') \nu}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac{n'm}{N}}\\ &=\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} d_{n}^{(0)}\sum_{m=0}^{N-1}w_{m} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m') \nu}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac{n'm}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m')\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{N}}\\ &\quad\times\sum\limits_{l=0}^{L-1}h(l) \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(-l)\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{N}}. \end{aligned}} $$
(4)

Now, if we use the following notation \(H(z) = \sum _{l=0}^{L-1} h(l)\mathrm {e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac {zl}{N}}\), then

$$ H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right) = \sum\limits_{l=0}^{L-1} h(l)\mathrm{e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac{\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)l}{N}}, $$
(5)

and finally,

$$ \begin{aligned} R_{n',m'}&=\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} d_{n}^{(0)} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m'\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{N}} H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right) \\ &\quad\times\sum\limits_{m=0}^{N-1}w_{m} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m') \nu}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac{n'm}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{N}}\\ &=\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} d_{n}^{(0)} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m'\left(n+\frac{1}{2}+\nu\right)}{N}} H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\\ &\quad\times\sum\limits_{m=0}^{N-1}w_{m} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m}{N}\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right)}. \end{aligned} $$
(6)

Assuming that the data on each subcarrier are not correlated, i.e., the expected value \(E\left [d_{n}^{(0)}d_{m}^{*(0)} \right ] = 0\) for n≠m, the power on n ′th subcarrier can be computed as:

$$ {\begin{aligned} E\left[\left|R_{n',m'}\right|^{2}\right]&=\frac{1}{N^{2}}\sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} \left|d_{n}^{(0)}\right|^{2} \left|H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\right|^{2}\\ &\quad\times\left|\sum\limits_{m=0}^{N-1}w_{m} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m}{N}\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right)}\right|^{2}. \end{aligned}} $$
(7)

The formula can be simplified if we assume the presence of rectangular window, for which w m =1, then after application of the rule for the sum of a geometric series, one may find that:

$$ \begin{aligned} \sum\limits_{m=0}^{N-1} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m}{N}\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right)} &= \mathrm{e}^{\jmath\pi \left(1-\frac{1}{N}\right)\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right)}\\&\quad\times\frac{\sin \pi \left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right) }{\sin \frac{\pi}{N}\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right)}. \end{aligned} $$
(8)

In such a case,

$$ \begin{aligned} E\left[\left|R_{n',m'}\right|^{2}\right]&=\frac{1}{N^{2}}\sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} \left|d_{n}^{(0)}\right|^{2} \left|H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\right|^{2}\\ &\quad\times\left| \frac{\sin \pi \left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right) }{\sin \frac{\pi}{N}\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right)} \right|^{2}. \end{aligned} $$
(9)

2.4.2 Case B-presence of inter-symbol interference

Now, let us consider more complex situation, when there are samples originating from two consecutive symbols s (0) and s (−1) within the duration time of the receive window. In such a case, some sort of inter-symbol interference will be observed. Let us consider the exemplary situation when L equals 1. In this case m ′ will be defined as m ′∈<−N−N CP +1;−N CP −1>. For other values of L the following derivations constitute the approximate solution, where the influence of multipath channel is included. In consequence, the signal observed at n ′th subcarrier and for the time-stamp m ′ is defined as:

$$ {\begin{aligned} R_{n',m'}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum\limits_{m=0}^{N-1}w_{m} r_{m+m'}\mathrm{e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac{n'm}{N}}\\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum\limits_{m=0}^{-m'-1-N_{\text{CP}}}w_{m} \sum\limits_{l=0}^{L-1}h(l) s_{m+m'-l}^{(-1)} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m') \nu}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{\! -\jmath 2 \pi \frac{n'm}{N}}\\ &\quad+\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum\limits_{m=-m'-N_{\text{CP}}}^{N-1}w_{m} \sum\limits_{l=0}^{L-1}h(l) s_{m+m'-l}^{(0)} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m') \nu}{N}}\\&\quad\times\mathrm{e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac{n'm}{N}}=\\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum\limits_{m=0}^{-m'-1-N_{\text{CP}}}w_{m} \sum\limits_{l=0}^{L-1}h(l) \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} d_{n}^{(-1)}\\ &\quad\times\mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m'+N+N_{\text{CP}}-l)\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{N}} \times \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m') \nu}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac{n'm}{N}}\\ &\quad+\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum\limits_{m=-m'-N_{\text{CP}}}^{N-1}w_{m} \sum\limits_{l=0}^{L-1}h(l) \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} d_{n}^{(0)}\\ &\quad\times\mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m'-l)\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{N}} \times\mathrm{e}^{2 \pi \frac{(m+m') \nu}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac{n'm}{N}}. \end{aligned}} $$
(10)

Using the relation defined in (5) one may write that:

$$ {\begin{aligned} R_{n',m'}&= \frac{1}{N}\sum_{n\in \mathcal{I}} d_{n}^{(-1)} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{\left(m'+N+N_{\text{CP}}\right)\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{N}} H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\\ &\quad\times\!\!\sum\limits_{m=0}^{-m'-1-N_{\text{CP}}}w_{m} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m') \nu}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac{n'm}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{N}}\\ &\quad+ \frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} d_{n}^{(0)} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{\left(m'\right)\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{N}} H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\\ &\quad\times\!\!\sum\limits_{m=-m'-N_{\text{CP}}}^{N-1}\!\!\!\! w_{m} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{(m+m') \nu}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{-\jmath 2 \pi \frac{n'm}{N}}\mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{N}} \end{aligned}} $$
(11)

and next,

$$\begin{array}{*{20}l} R_{n',m'}&=\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} d_{n}^{(-1)} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{\left(m'+N+N_{\text{CP}}\right)\left(n+\frac{1}{2}+\nu\right)}{N}} H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right) \end{array} $$
(12)
$$\begin{array}{*{20}l} &\quad\times \sum\limits_{m=0}^{-m'-1-N_{\text{CP}}}w_{m} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m}{N}\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right)}\\ &\quad+\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n\in \mathcal{I}} d_{n}^{(0)} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m'\left(n+\frac{1}{2}+\nu\right)}{N}} H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right) \\ &\quad\times\sum\limits_{m=-m'-N_{\text{CP}}}^{N-1}w_{m} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m}{N}\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right)}. \end{array} $$
(13)

As previously, we assume that the data symbols within each OFDM symbol and between the two consecutive symbols are uncorrelated, i.e., the expected value \(E\left [d_{n}^{(p)}d_{m}^{*(q)} \right ] = 0\) for n≠m, and for any integer values of p and q. In consequence,

$$ \begin{aligned} E\left[\left|R_{n',m'}\right|^{2}\right]&=\frac{1}{N^{2}}\sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} \left|d_{n}^{(-1)}\right|^{2} \left|H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\right|^{2}\\ &\quad\times\left|\sum\limits_{m=0}^{-m'-1-N_{\text{CP}}}w_{m} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m}{N}\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right)}\right|^{2} \\ &\quad+\frac{1}{N^{2}}\sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} \left|d_{n}^{(0)}\right|^{2} \left|H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\right|^{2}\\ &\quad\times\left|\sum\limits_{m=-m'-N_{\text{CP}}}^{N-1}w_{m} \mathrm{e}^{\jmath 2 \pi \frac{m}{N}\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right)}\right|^{2}. \end{aligned} $$
(14)

If we assume the special case of rectangular window, the above formula can be simplified as follows:

$$ {\begin{aligned} E\left[\left|R_{n',m'}\right|^{2}\right]&=\frac{1}{N^{2}}\sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} \left|d_{n}^{(-1)}\right|^{2} \left|H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\right|^{2}\\ &\quad\times\left| \frac{\sin \pi \left(\frac{-m'-N_{\text{CP}}}{N}\right)\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right) }{\sin \frac{\pi}{N}\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right)} \right|^{2} \\ &\quad+\frac{1}{N^{2}}\sum\limits_{n\in \mathcal{I}} \left|d_{n}^{(0)}\right|^{2} \left|H\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\right|^{2}\\ &\quad\times\left| \frac{\sin \pi \left(\frac{m'+N_{\text{CP}}}{N}+1\right)\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right) }{\sin \frac{\pi}{N}\left(n+\frac{1}{2}-n'+\nu\right)} \right|^{2}. \end{aligned}} $$
(15)

3 Flexible duplexing for 4G and 5G—extension to multiple component carrier case

Let us now consider the case where the mobile network operator utilizes more than one component carrier in its wireless cellular network. The prospective transmission schemes do not differ in general from the ones presented in previous section and illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3. The only difference is in the number of utilized component carriers which is now greater than one. Such a scenario is shown in Fig. 5. One may observe the presence to two adjacent component carriers, which are utilized in the FDD mode for flexible duplexing by applying the transmission scheme proposed in this work. Moreover, for the sake of clarity, we have emphasized the intra- and inter-cell interference phenomenon in a certain time slot by indicating the resource blocks being the source of interference and the affected resource blocks.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Proposed scheme for simultaneous flexible duplexing—multichannel case

3.1 Application of non-contiguous multicarrier transmission

Let us observe that from the perspective of the downlink transmission, it is a natural consequence that the consideration of more than one component carrier immediately entails the possibility of application of non-contiguous multicarrier schemes for data transmission [14, 19]. In such a scheme, the concatenation of two component carriers can be treated as a joint wide spectrum for multicarrier signal transmission, where selected subcarriers are not used to protect the present uplink signals. Such subcarriers cancelation (switch off) results in narrow gaps in the spectrum of the transmitted signal—in the considered case of flexible duplexing, these are the PUCCH channels that have to be protected.

3.2 Cooperation between base stations

As one of our goals is to guarantee backward compatibility (so there would be no need to modify existing legacy hardware, i.e., MT devices), it is also worth analyzing the impact of radio access network on the performance of proposed flexible duplexing scheme. In the context of 4G networks, one may observe that the neighboring base stations (eNodeBs) are connected via well-known X2 interface which allows for efficient coordination of these base station and application of various advanced algorithms, e.g., inter-cell interference cancelation. For flexible duplexing, coordination between the base stations (eNodeBs, but in a broader sense also potentially between eNodeBs and small cells) entails accurate allocation of unused resource blocks for downlink transmission. If reliable communication between the eNodeBs will be guaranteed, then the dedicated radio resource management algorithms can be applied which will assign UL resources for DL transmission in such a way that the activity of MT located in a considered cell and in the neighboring cells is taken into considerations.

4 Simulation results

In order to evaluate the proposed scheme, we would like to measure the impact of the interference induced to other users due to the application of the proposed flexible duplexing scheme (i.e., when the advanced spectrum shaping proposed in [16, 17] is implemented) in both scenarios—when one or more component carriers are used in the system. We consider the presence of various receivers in the system, ones that are equipped with the proposed spectrum shaping algorithms, and others that can be treated as classical, legacy LTE devices (base stations or mobile terminals). The idea here is to guarantee backward compatibility with the existing devices. As the key novelty of this paper is the extension of the work presented in [13] to more than one component carriers, we focus on the transmission scheme where multiple component carriers are used.

4.1 Power spectral density analysis—extension to multichannel case

As the results for the single-component case are promising, let us now evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed solution when the non-contiguous multicarrier transmission is applied for two adjacent component carriers. For each component carrier, the details of the transmit signal are analogous to the setup of the signal described in [13] for single-component carrier case, as we again assume the compatibility with LTE standard. In particular, SC-OFDM (UL) and OFDM (DL) occupying a maximum of 2 component carriers (CCs), 20 MHz bandwidth each, are considered. It is assumed that both CCs are generated and received using a single processing chain utilizing 4096-point FFT/IFFT and spanning 61.44 MHz bandwidth (subcarrier spacing is equal to 15 kHz). This approach is advantageous over separate processing of each CC as it guarantees orthogonality between CCs. The frequency separation between both CCs is calculated to be 19.8 MHz according to [21], Section 5.7.1A. Both systems transmit their signals in dedicated time slots (0.5 ms duration each) composed of 7 OFDM/SC-OFDM symbols. While the first symbol in a slot utilizes 320 samples with CP, the rest are 288 samples long, each. It is assumed that there is no synchronization, neither in time, nor in frequency domain (as it is the most challenging scenario) between UL and flexible DL transmissions. The results were generated for 1000 OFDM/SC-FDMA frames shifted randomly in time. The frequency misalignment between both systems is 0.5 subcarrier spacing.

Let us remind that the maximal number of resource blocks (RBs) in the considered scheme is 100 per CC. In the case of no data transmission in UL, only PUCCH is transmitted on both ends of the available band, i.e., RBs indexed 50 and −50 in each CC. In the proposed scheme, unused resource blocks in between utilized UL channels can be used by cell A for its DL transmission. In Fig. 6, normalized power spectral densities (PSDs) of UL and DL signals are shown using solid lines. While the top figure shows whole 61.44 MHz bandwidth, the bottom plot zooms the left edge of CC no. 1. Cell A transmission utilizes RBs with indexes {−48,…,−1,1,…,48} in both CCs, i.e., a contiguous band around the DC subcarrier (0th RB is not used). Signals are normalized to have equal received power per utilized RB. The OOB emission from the DL transmission in band of the uplink at the level of around −25 dB. As these results are very close to the ones for single-component carrier case [13], one may conclude that the influence of adjacent channels (component carriers) is negligible for the outer (i.e., distant from adjacent component carrier center frequency in frequency domain) PUCCH channels. However, also the impact of the adjacent component carriers on the inner PUCCHs is rather negligible. It is due to the most significant impact originating from the subcarriers closes to the edge of the DL signal spectrum.

Fig. 6
figure 6

Normalized PSDs of UL and DL transmitted signals, effective interference/useful signal power at cell B base station (receiver)—multichannel case. Only lower frequency edge is shown at the bottom figure [13]

Now, let us analyze the effective interference power observed at the SC-OFDM receiver, as we did in the single-component carrier scheme in [13]. Again, four combinations of transmitter-receiver settings have been verified, i.e., one where both the transmitter (in DL) and receiver (in UL) do not apply advanced spectrum filtering—this case is denoted by dashed blue line. Next, two cases where either transmitter apply OCCS method (dashed black) or receiver apply 512-sample-long Hanning windowing (dashed blue with plus markers). Finally, the case where both, transmitter and receiver, apply dedicated algorithms for interference minimization (dashed black with plus signs). Again, as in the previous case with single-component carrier, the best results have been achieved in the situation when dedicated algorithms have been applied at both sides of the system. One may observe that again, the observed interference power is around −45 dB less than the observed power of the wanted PUCCH signal. It also shows that the impact of the additional component carriers is negligible and that the proposed FDD non-contiguous multicarrier scheme can be efficiently applied to flexible duplexing with carrier aggregation (i.e., when many component carriers are used). Most importantly, the analytical formula (derived in previous chapters) for received interference power was utilized for standard TX and standard RX case and it is aligned with simulation results. In order to obtain this result interference power observed at a given subcarrier n ′ was averaged over all possible RX windows positions m ′. If there is some other knowledge on both systems timing relations (e.g., there are only some possible shifts between received frame and RX window), this calculation should be modified using still E[|R(n ′,m ′)|2] values. Flat channel was assumed (H(n) =1) and no carrier frequency offset other than standard shift by 0.5 subcarrier spacing.

4.2 Adjacent channel interference ratio analysis—extension to multichannel case

In this section, we analyze the adjacent channel interference ratio (ACIR) as a good metric used for the assessment of the ratio of wanted power to the interference power from the other bands. Mathematically, ACIR is the function of the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR, used to characterize the transmitter) and the adjacent channel selectivity (ACS, used to characterize the receiver), i.e., \(\text {ACIR}~=~\frac {1}{\text {ACLR}^{-1} + \text {ACS}^{-1}}\). In our case, it is calculated as a ratio of FD signal power at the BS RX antenna to the summarized power of interfering signal observed over 12 subcarriers utilized by a given PUCCH channel at the output of FFT block in SC-OFDM receiver. Utilizing results in Fig. 6, it can be calculated for advanced RX and advanced TX by integrating PSD-DL, adv. TX power and dividing it by result of integration of eff. UL interf., adv. TX & adv. RX over a −50th RB.

As it has been mentioned, another possibility to decrease interference power at the cell B receiver is to use guard subcarriers (GSs) [15]. Turning off DL subcarriers closest to the utilized UL band increases both ACLR and ACS. Let us note that such an approach is compliant with the existing LTE TX/RX technology, although it decreases the achievable rate (as some subcarriers are not utilized). The efficiency of this approach is considered here. In Fig. 7, ACIR values of the standard and advanced TX/RX technologies are shown as the functions of frequency separation between the UL and DL signals. Although this value addresses ACIR for a single PUCCH RB, differences between 4 observed PUCCH RBs were negligible. Results are shown only for one of these RBs.

Fig. 7
figure 7

Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio for a single PUCCH RB vs UL-DL frequency separation (0 RBs mean that PUCCH and PDSCH overlap) with standard and advanced TX/RX

It is shown that when the PDSCH and PUCCH overlap (frequency separation equal 0), ACIR equals about 25–30 dB. The situation changes rapidly when guard subcarriers are used. Even in the case of a standard transmitter and receiver, the introduction of a single empty resource block between the UL and DL bands (frequency separation equal to 2, this is the case shown in Fig. 6.) increases ACIR to 45 dB. In the case of advanced TX and RX utilization (with the spectrum shaping algorithms discussed previously), the frequency separation of 2 RBs results in ACIR equal to 66 dB. It means that by proper signal processing, e.g., spectrum shaping at the transmitter [16, 17] and windowing at the receiver [15] together with the application of guard subcarriers, a significant ACIR increase can be achieved. It is worth explaining why the curve representing ACIR for an advanced transmitter and receiver rises steeply for low frequency separation, and then it falls down. Such behavior is observed due to the specificity of the OCCS method which reduces the OOB most significantly in the adjacent subcarriers. For higher distance (in frequency) between modulated subcarriers and protected band, its performance is limited. Please notice also that for very high distance (in frequency), the performance increases again—it is due to the fact that the total number of used CCs relative to the considered number of data subcarriers is high, so the OOB in wide spectrum can be precisely minimized.

4.3 Interference from MT UL transmission to MT receiving DL transmission using FD scheme

Although our main concern is not to distort macro cell UL transmission by means of DL transmission using FD scheme, the other sources of interference can be identified as well. Transmission in PUCCH (within the given cell and in neighboring cells) will cause interference to MTs receiving DL transmission. It will be particularly be significant as both MTs are located close in space. Using the same assumptions as previously normalized PSDs, interference power and wanted signal power are shown in Fig. 8. The wanted signal (dashed blue line) is received from RBs −48,…,−1 and 1, …,48 (at each CC) with normalized power on each subcarrier equal 0 dB. The PUCCH transmission is carried in RBs −50, 50 (at each CC). The interference power for standard receiver (dashed red line) is higher than the PSD in the wanted signal frequency range. This is the result of high sidelobes of subcarrier spectrum at TX and high sidelobes of RX filter characteristic. However, after application of Hanning windowing at RX side the interference goes down to the level defined by PSD plot. It is assumed that the UL TX is backward compatible. As such, no advanced TX side processing is considered. Most importantly, the analytical interference power definition was derived as previously, i.e., average over all possible m ′ values. Theoretical values (red circles), defined analytically in previous chapters, are aligned with simulation results. The measured ACIR value equals 25.3 and 22.3 dB, for the system with and without advanced RX processing, respectively. This calculations assume only one PUSCCH channel is used (−50 RB in CC 1) and that the wanted FD band spans all 192 RBs (defined above). The ACIR can be increased if needed by turning off RBs located closely in frequency to PUCCH transmission, i.e., guard subcarriers can be utilized.

Fig. 8
figure 8

Normalized PSDs of UL and DL transmitted signals, effective interference/useful signal power at user equipment—multichannel case. Only lower frequency edge is shown at the bottom figure

4.4 Influence on transmission opportunity in neighboring cell in multichannel scheme

In the most rigorous approach, the given base station (i.e., the one that applies proposed flexible duplexing scheme) can transmit according to the proposed scheme only if all other cells’ transmissions are not deteriorated (in practice, some deterioration should be acceptable). According to Table 8.2.1.1–6 in [21], the minimum SINR that should allow for PUSCH transmission using QPSK modulation and \(\frac {1}{3}\) coding rate is −0.4 dB. However, PUCCH reception should even be possible for lower SINR values, namely, −3.8 dB. Assuming the proposed FD scheme is used when only PUCCH is transmitted in all neighboring cells UL (although in general, other scenarios can be considered as well—some assumption on allowed reception deterioration would have to be defined), it is visible that interference plus noise power can be increased by 3.4 dB without decreasing the effective standard cells radius. In order to evaluate this issue, the effective cell radius has been calculated using the COST 231 model for carrier frequency f = 2 GHz, base station antenna height H A = 30 m, mobile terminal antenna height h MT = 1.5 m, and mobile terminal and BS gains G MT = 0 dBi and G BS = 18 dBi, respectively, (according to [22]). Assuming the mobile terminal transmit power is P MT = 23 dBm and thermal noise power in 300 K increased by a noise figure (NF) of 5 dB [22], standard cell radius equals R A = 0.83 km.

For the same system parameters, the interference plus noise power can be increased by 3.4 dB while transmitting PUCCH (instead of PUSCH), as discussed above. It can be calculated that the effective interference power from cell A to standard cell UL should be equal or lower than −93 dBm per a given PUCCH RB.

Let us now assume the case where the base stations are deployed according to the scheme presented in Fig. 9. The considered system composes of 3 standard cells utilizing in a given time slot only PUCCH. We assume also the application of full-frequency reuse strategy, i.e., in every cell both component carriers are used. Locations of standard base stations in [X,Y] coordinates are [0,0] km, [0,1.43] km and [1.24,0,72] km, i.e., the radius of the cell is set to R = 0.8275 km. In Fig. 10, the maximal allowed power of FD transmission is calculated in 600 points between these BSs. For each location pathloss to each UL BS is calculated. For each case −93 dBm of effective interference power per PUCCH RB can be introduced, as derived above. The interference propagation between BSs is assumed to follow log-distance path loss model with pathloss exponent γ equal to 2 or 2.5. Although previously G BS = 18 dBi was used, now it can be assumed that both BSs (i.e., interfered and interfering) are not directed at each other. G BS equal to 10 dBi at both BSs is used.

Fig. 9
figure 9

Fragment of the considered cellular network

Fig. 10
figure 10

Maximal FD transmission power vs location in the presence of 3 PUCCH-receiving BSs

It is visible that the lowest allowed FD BS power is obtained for ACIR = 30 dB and γ = 2. In this case, interference propagates easily using line-of-sight propagation between both BS. ACIR value shows there are not many GSs between FD and UL transmission or advanced TX & RX is not used. Still 10 dBm FD transmission is possible if the BSs are distanced by more than 500 m. On the other hand, higher pathloss (γ = 2.5) or ACIR = 55 dB allows to use higher FD transmission power or to transmit in locations closer to UL-utilizing BSs. For ACIR = 55 dB and γ = 2.5, it is possible to place FD-utilizing BS about 50 m apart from PUCCH-receiving BS and transmit using 35 dBm power.

The previous examples shown that a small cell utilizing the proposed FD scheme can operate relatively close to standard BSs without disrupting PUCCH reception. The other question is if nearby PUCCH transmission from MT will allow reception of DL transmission by another MT working in FD mode. In order to check this scenario, it is assumed that small-cell BS operates in the location allowing for highest transmit power, i.e., 37.8 dBm. Its coordinates are [0.43,0.69] km. The antenna gain is G BS = 18 dBi and G MT = 0 dBi for base station and MT, respectively. It is assumed that propagation conditions between both MTs and between femto BS and MT follow log-distance path loss model with pathloss exponent γ equal to 3. As an example, the interfering MT is located at the cell edge, with coordinates [0.83 0] km. As such maximal power of 23 dBm is used to transmit PUCCH signal. Assuming ACIR between PUCCH transmission and FD utilized band equals 22.3 dB (result provided above), the calculated signal-to-interference ratio at MT RX is shown in Fig. 11. Although the SIR value decreases as MT gets closer to the interfering MT (blue circle), it is anyway high in most of the observed area. This is caused by relatively high BS transmit power (37.8 dBm), TX antenna gain (18 dBi), and some frequency separation (ACIR equal to 22.3 dB).

Fig. 11
figure 11

Calculated signal-to-interference ratio at MT RX in case of nearby single UL transmission

In a more advanced case up to 3 MTs can cause interference at the same time (3 PUCCH RBs). Next test was done for 3 MTs interfering at the same time located at cell edges with coordinates [0.83 0] km, [0.83 1.4] km, and [0.41 0.72] km. The resultant flexible duplexing MT SIR is shown in Fig. 12. It is visible that the SIR values decreased; however, still relatively high value is achieved.

Fig. 12
figure 12

Calculated signal-to-interference ratio at MT RX in case of nearby UL transmission—3 MTs case

5 Conclusions

In this work, we have evaluated the possibility of simultaneous UL and DL data transmission in the flexible duplexing mode by the application of advanced spectrum shaping algorithms. Comparing to our previous work, we have considered more advanced scenario, where multiple component carriers utilized for uplink in the mobile wireless network are used for downlink transmission. In such a case, the non-contiguous transmission can be efficiently applied. Presented results proved the correctness of the proposed approach, as the proposed technical solutions guarantee that the assumed maximum level of allowable interference is not exceeded. In some cases (by the application of guard subcarriers), even backward compatibility can be achieved. It means that the unused frequency resources in the UL channel can be utilized simultaneously for DL transmission, leading to better spectrum utilization. As the results are promising, one should consider investigating a situation where not only PUCCH is present in the UL band, but user data as well. Moreover, one may think on more advanced approaches where each component carrier is used independently, although both of them are used simultaneously, due to the utilization of some context information, such as position of the macro base stations.

6 Endnote

1 Let us remind that our goal is to analyze the propose flexible duplexing scheme ensuring backward compatibility with legacy LTE/LTE-A standard, where SC-FDMA is applied for UL. Moreover, in an SC-FDMA mode, there is a so-called half-subcarrier shift introduced in UL, so the signal in baseband is symmetric with regard to the zero (DC) subcarrier.

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Acknowledgements

This work has been funded by the EU H2020 project COHERENT (contract no. 671639).

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Kliks, A., Kryszkiewicz, P. Multichannel simultaneous uplink and downlink transmission scheme for flexible duplexing. J Wireless Com Network 2017, 111 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-017-0884-5

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