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On secure system performance over SISO, MISO and MIMO-NOMA wireless networks equipped a multiple antenna based on TAS protocol
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking volume 2020, Article number: 11 (2020)
Abstract
This study examined how to improve system performance by equipping multiple antennae at a base station (BS) and all terminal users/mobile devices instead of a single antenna as in previous studies. Experimental investigations based on three NOMA down-link models involved (1) a single-input-single-output (SISO) scenario in which a single antenna was equipped at a BS and for all users, (2) a multi-input-single-output (MISO) scenario in which multiple transmitter antennae were equipped at a BS and a single receiver antenna for all users and (3) a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) scenario in which multiple transmitter antennae were equipped at a BS and multiple receiver antenna for all users. This study investigated and compared the outage probability (OP) and system throughput assuming all users were over Rayleigh fading channels. The individual scenarios also each had an eavesdropper. Secure system performance of the individual scenarios was therefore also investigated. In order to detect data from superimposed signals, successive interference cancellation (SIC) was deployed for users, taking into account perfect, imperfect and fully imperfect SICs. The results of analysis of users in these three scenarios were obtained in an approximate closed form by using the Gaussian-Chebyshev quadrature method. However, the clearly and accurately presented results obtained using Monte Carlo simulations prove and verify that the MIMO-NOMA scenario equipped with multiple antennae significantly improved system performance.
1 Introduction
The explosive growth of mobile devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) is facing a trend of increased wireless network traffic in future networks. Researchers have confirmed non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) as the candidate to become the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication technology [1–4]. Liu et al. [5] demonstrated that the NOMA system has a better ergodic sum rate (ESR) than the orthogonal multiple access (OMA) system. The key technologies of NOMA are lower latency, enhanced fairness between users and a better efficiency spectrum, because all user equipment (UE) is served in the same time slot or frequency by sharing the spectrum with different allocation power coefficients based on the UE channel conditions in the same power domain. The base station (BS) sends a superimposed signal to all UE in the same time slot. For example, the down-link NOMA system consists of nearby UE with strong channel conditions and distant UE with poor channel conditions [6–10]. At the UE, the signals received are decoded by applying successive interference cancellation (SIC) until their own information is successfully detected [11, 12]. For example, the nearby UE decodes the data symbol of the distant UE first and then decodes its own data symbol after subtracting the decoded data symbol of the distant UE. In addition, the distant UE only decodes its own data symbol by treating the nearby UE data symbol as noise. In [6], the authors studied the outage probability (OP) and ergodic sum capacity (ESC) of NOMA systems with randomly distributed UE in the neighbourhood of the BS and verified that the performance of a NOMA system considerably outperformed an OMA system when the allocation power scheme was deployed.
In order to improve system performance, researchers have proposed many different technologies. One of them is cooperative communications, which deploys relays as an effective solution in order to combat fading. The authors studied full-duplex (FD) relays to avoid wasting time slot/frequency by replacing half-duplex (HD) relays [13]. The authors also proposed using N−1 FD relays to support the Nth users with the poorest channel conditions [14]. The authors indicated that system performance could be enhanced by increasing the m coefficient of the Nakagami-m fading channels compared to the Rayleigh fading channels. As expected, in accordance with capability and reality, some wireless technologies combined with NOMA were proposed in order to scale up system performance: cooperative communication [15, 16], full duplex [17], cognitive radio (CR) [18, 19], millimetre wave [20], visible light communication [21], etc.
Other, different protocols, such as HD, FD, decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) with fixed gain (FG) or variable gain (VG), were also studied in order to find a better protocol to implement with NOMA technology. In [22], the DF protocol was deployed. The advantage of DF protocol is forwarded signals without including the data symbols of the previous UE and simplicity in analysis and simulation. The authors also considered deploying AF protocol with fixed gain (FG) or variable gain (VG). However, the authors demonstrated that DF protocol is better than AF protocol depending on certain parameters, and conversely, AF protocol is better than DF with other parameters. The authors therefore proposed a mechanism for switching adaptive protocols according the parameters in order to optimize system performance.
However, previous studies have commonly assumed that only a single antenna was equipped on network nodes. Recently, researchers have proposed multiple antenna technology as a powerful option for enhancing system performance [23–26]. The authors investigated the system performance of a NOMA network with multiple antennae and an energy harvesting (EH) relay on the OP performance [27]. Although the system performance can be potentially improved by equipping more antennae, the improvement is limited by the cost of radio frequency (RF) technology at the UE. In order to avoid expensive hardware costs and keep the throughput profits from multiple antennae, a transmit antenna selection (TAS) protocol was verified and admitted as a powerful option [28]. In [5], the authors investigated OP in a dual-hop relay over a MIMO-NOMA network with TAS and maximum ratio combining (MRC) protocols over the Rayleigh fading channels. In the results of the study, the authors recognized that the system performance could be improved increasing the number of antennae.
On the other hand, physical layer security (PLS) is a topic popular not only in wireless communications but also network security. PLS can see secret communications by exploiting the entropy and confuse time of the wireless channels without the use of an encoding algorithm [29]. Zhang et al. investigated the secrecy system performance of a SISO-NOMA system and verified the secrecy sum rate of a NOMA system as superior to a traditional OMA system [30]. The authors investigated the PLS of NOMA systems in massive networks where all UE and eavesdroppers were located at random positions [31] and obtained new, precise asymptotic expressions for secrecy outage probability (SOP) [32]. The authors in [33] assumed that the BS had full channel state information (CSI) in both the main channels of trusted UE and the wiretap channels of non-trusted UE and proposed optimal antenna selection (OAS) and sub-optimal antenna selection (SAS) protocol schemes in order to improve the secrecy performance of a MIMO system compared to an ordinary space-time transmission (STT) protocol. Precise asymptotic expressions in closed form for the SOP of a MIMO system with underlay was obtained in [34]. The results indicated that both SAS and OAS protocols could considerably improve secrecy performance. In [35], Lei et al. investigated the secrecy performance of two types of UE over down-link MOMA systems in which SISO and MISO schemes were applied with different TAS methods. However, the authors have assumed that the UE only had one receiver antenna. From previously studied results, we are considering an investigations of non-secrecy outage probability (NOP) and SOP of UE over three NOMA schemes SISO, MISO and MIMO systems with TAS protocol as motivations.
Some important and recent studies similar to this research are [36–43]. In the excellent work [36], the authors investigated SOP for the cooperative NOMA (C-NOMA) in CR networks and took into account the impact of distance of users from the BS on secrecy performance. Although the authors investigated CR-NOMA with multiple users and multiple eavesdroppers, the power allocation (PA) coefficients for users were fixed. Our objective is to implement a PA strategy to ensure QoS for users. Zhou et al. [37] improved the secrecy performance of NOMA system based on CR networks using simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). Another work [38] investigated the popular PLS topic in order to find a way to minimize power over MISO-NOMA systems. In the work in [39], the authors fully surveyed the special issues in PLS, such as PLS fundamentals, C-NOMA for PLS, cooperative jamming for PLS and hybrid C-NOMA for PLS. In another work [40], the authors investigated the secrecy performance of random MIMO-NOMA with homogeneous Poisson point processes (HPPPs) on both the BS and users over α−μ fading channels. The authors obtained analysis results and verified them with Monte Carlo simulation results. From the obtained results, the author indicated that SOP performance was impacted by the number of users, the path-loss exponent and the number of antennae. In the work [41], the authors investigated a MIMO-NOMA system based on TAS protocol for two users over Nakagami-m fading channels. Although the work was interesting, the authors, however, did not consider the PA issue, such as in [36]. Feng et al. [42] considered PA issue in order to maximize the QoS for strong user while guaranteeing the QoS for weak user. In another work [43], the authors investigated two source-destination pairs through two-stage secure relay selection (TSSRS) in order to maximize the SOP of one source-destination pair, while guaranteeing the SOP of the other pair. The author, however, only equipped a single antenna for all source, relay, destination, and eavesdropper.
The featured study investigated certain issues that form its primary contribution:
This paper investigated and compared the system performance in different scenarios of SISO, MISO and MIMO architecture with deploying TAS protocol in order to determine which had the best quality of service (QoS) for users. Although the investigations were based on two users, this study can be extended to N users, such as in [14].
This paper investigated system performance on various criteria such as non-secure outage probability (NOP), secure outage probability (SOP) and system throughput. Novel closed forms and approximate forms were obtained from these investigations.
This paper also investigated the impact of antennae on system performance. The impact of perfect/imperfect/fully imperfect SIC were also considered.
Finally, the analysis results were demonstrated and verified with Monte Carlo simulation results.
This study was presented in the following structure. In experimental model section, three models, SISO, MISO and MIMO-NOMA, considering imperfect SIC, respectively, are proposed and analysed. In the next section, system performance is analysed and the closed form expressions based on NOP, SOP and system throughput are obtained. In Section 4, the study proposes the system parameters for investigations and simulations using Monte Carlo simulations in Matlab softwareFootnote 1. The results are presented in the figures. A detailed discussion based on the obtained results is given as figures. Finally, a summary of the study’s results is presented in the “Conclusion” section.
This paper uses some notations such as
referred the matrix.
referred the maximum function.
referred the probability.
referred the mean function.
referred probability density function (PDF).
referred cumulative distribution function (CDF).
2 Experimental models
This study investigated the system performance on NOP and SOP of two types of UE over three individual down-link scenarios: (1) SISO, (2) MISO and (3) MIMO-NOMA with the TAS protocol.
The system model proposed is shown in Figure 1. Two users wait for serving signals from the BS. The BS sends a superimposed signal \({\vartheta } = \sqrt {{P_{0}}} \left ({\sqrt {{\alpha _{{1}}}} {x_{{1}}} + \sqrt {{\alpha _{{2}}}} {x_{{2}}}} \right)\) to both U1 and U2 in the same time slot and the same power domain, where α1 and α2 are the allocation power coefficients of the users U1 and U2, respectively. According to the terms of NOMA theory, user U2 with poor channel conditions was prioritized to allocate a larger power coefficient than user U2, whereas α1<α2 and α1+α2=1.
As a feature study, Ding et al. [6] proposed a down-link NOMA system with random χ users and proposed a PA strategy for random χ users as \({\alpha _{i}^{[6]}} = \frac {{\chi - i + 1}}{1 + \cdots + \chi }\) for i∈χ, where U1 to Uχ were the poorest user to the strongest user. But U1 to Uχ in our model were the strongest user to the poorest user. We therefore proposed a Dings’ modified PA strategy as \({\alpha _{i}^{[6]}} = \frac {{i}}{1 + \cdots + \chi }\). To simplify, for this study, we assumed χ=2. We realized, however, that this PA strategy fixed a PA coefficient depending on the number of χ users. For example, χ=2, we obtained the PA coefficients as \(\alpha _{1}^{[6]} = 0.3333\) and \(\alpha _{2}^{[6]} = 0.6667\) without considering the strong channel conditions or slight differences between the two users. Tran et al. [14] proposed the PA strategy for strongest user and poorest user as \(\alpha _{i}^{[14]} = {\sigma _{0,\chi - i + 1}^{2}} \left / {{\sum \nolimits }_{k = 1}^{\chi } {\sigma _{0,k}^{2}} } \right. \). This study therefore respectively obtained the PA factors for U1 and U2 as \({\alpha _{1}^{[14]}} = {\sigma _{0,2}^{2}} \left / {{\sum \nolimits }_{k = 1}^{2} {\sigma _{0,k}^{2}} } \right.\) and \({\alpha _{2}^{[14]}} = {\sigma _{0,1}^{2}} \left / {{\sum \nolimits }_{k = 1}^{2} {\sigma _{0,k}^{2}} } \right.\) with assuming the BS own fully CSIs. We investigated and compared both of these PA strategies as a contribution.
2.1 SISO scenario
A common scenario in previous studies, such as [6, 14], the BS and users were equipped only with a single antenna. Therefore, a single connection from the BS to each user was denoted by \(h_{0,i}^{(1,1)}\) for i={1,2,E} where the channel \(h_{0,i}^{(1,1)}\) followed \({h_{0,i}^{(1,1)}} = d_{0,i}^{- r}\), where d0,i refers to the distance from the BS to Ui and r refers the path-loss exponent factor [44]. This study assumed all users were over Rayleigh fading channels.
The received signals at both U1 and U2 were respectively expressed as follows:
where P0 refers to the BS’s transmission power and the subsequent signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) ρ0=P0/N0, and ni for i={1,2,E} refers to additive white Gaussian noises (AWGNs) followed by ni∼CN(0,N0) with zero mean and variance N0.
By deploying the SIC as [43] after reversing user arrangement, the user Ui obtains the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) when it decodes xj symbol as follows:
where i={1,2} and j={2,1}. There are two SIC phases at U1. The first SIC phase obtains the SINR as (2) for i=1 and j=2 when U1 decodes U2s’ x2 symbol and removes x2 symbol from the received signal. U1 then decodes its own x1 symbol and obtains SINS as (3) for i=j=1 at the second SIC phase. On another hand, it is important to note that the user U2 only detects its own x2 symbol by treating x1 symbol as noise and obtains the SINR as (3) for i=j=2. In addition, this paper assumed that the users deployed imperfect SIC [45] denoted by coefficients 0≤Λ2≤1 and 0≤Δ2≤1. For clarity, when U2 detects its own x2 symbol by treating x1 as interference, then Λ2=0 refers to perfect SIC, Λ2=1 refers to fully imperfect SIC, and otherwise referred imperfect SIC.
The instantaneous bit rate of Ui is obtained when it detects xj symbol expressed as follows:
where i={1,2,E} and j={2,1}.
2.2 MISO scenario
Previous research results have indicated that system performance improved by equipping more antennae. We in this subsection assumed that BS was equipped a multiple transmitter antenna, denoted by S for S>1 and followed by matrix channel as \({\bf {H}}_{0,i}^{\left ({\text {MISO}} \right)} = \left [ {h_{0,i}^{\left ({1,1} \right)} \cdots h_{0,i}^{\left ({s,1} \right)} \cdots h_{0,i}^{\left ({S,1} \right)}} \right ]\) for s∈S. Vector transmitter antennae on BS send a broadcast beamforming superimposed signal to all users as in [46].
Therefore, the vector beamforming received signals from S antennae on the BS to the user Ui for i={1,2,E} are expressed as follows:
where \({h_{{0},{i}}^{\left (s,1 \right) }} \in {\bf {H}}_{0,i}^{\left ({\text {MISO}} \right)}\) refers the channel from the sth transmitter antenna for vector s=[1⋯S] on BS to the receiver antenna on Ui for i={1,2,E}.
The TAS protocol in this subsection deployed. The user Ui for i={1,2,E} therefore obtains SINRs when it detects xj symbol for j={2,1} with implementing TAS protocol expressed as follows:
The instantaneous bit rate of Ui for i={1,2,E} obtained when it decoded the xj symbol for j={2,1} expressed as follows:
2.3 MIMO scenario
We in this subsection assumed the BS and all users were equipped a multiple antenna like [23, 24]. The number antennae on BS denoted by S>1, as in the previous subsection, while the number antennae on Ui denoted by U>1. The NOMA network therefore existed S×U channels from S transmitter antennae at the BS to the U receiver antennae at user Ui is expressed as follows:
Each sth transmitter antenna on BS sends a broadcast beamforming superimposed signal to all U antennae at user Ui. The received signals at each user Ui are expressed as follows:
where \(h_{0,i}^{(s,u)} \in \bf {H}_{0,i}^{\left ({MIMO} \right)}\) is the transmission channel from sth transmitter antenna at the BS to the uth receiver antenna at user Ui for vector s=[1⋯S] and vector u=[1⋯U].
The TAS protocol was deployed at the user in this subsection. After selecting the best pairing antenna with one at the BS and one at Ui, the SINRs therefore obtained at the Ui when it detects the xj symbol for i={1,2,E} and j={2,1} are expressed as follows:
The instantaneous bit rate of Ui achieved over MIMO scheme when it decodes the xj symbol is expressed as follows:
3 System performance analysis
In this section, NOP, SOP and system throughput, respectively, is analysed. Note that the users were over Rayleigh fading channels with a respective probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) expressed as \({f_{{{\left | h_{0,i} \right |}^{2}}}} = {\exp \left ({{ - x} \left / {\sigma _{0,i}^{2}}\right. } \right)} \left / {\sigma _{0,i}^{2}}\right.\), and \({F_{{{\left | h_{0,i} \right |}^{2}}}} = 1 - \exp \left ({{ - x} \left / {\sigma _{0,i}^{2}}\right.} \right)\) where x refers to a random independent variable followed by x≥0, and \({\sigma _{0,i}^{2}}\) refers to the mean of the channel followed by \(\sigma _{0,i}^{2} = E\left [ {{{\left | h_{0,i} \right |}^{2}}} \right ]\).
3.1 Non-secrecy outage probability (NOP) without eavesdropper E
Ding et al. [6] investigated a NOMA system with random χ users. In addition, the authors demonstrated the NOP at ith user for i∈χ occurred when it cannot successfully decode at least one of data symbols xj for j={χ,...,i} [14]. Although, the system model (Fig. 1) in this study had only two users. However, the system model can be expanded with a massive χ users like [6] and [14]. The NOPs at the two users over three individual schemes were respectively presented in terms as follows.
Theorem 1 As shown in Fig. 1, the NOP of signal transmission at Ui occurred when Ui cannot successfully decode xj symbol for i={1,2} meanwhile j={2,i}. Specifically, the NOP at U1 and U2 will occur when there is one of corresponding the following cases:
NOP at U1: The NOP of signal transmission at U1 will occur when it cannot successfully decode either x2 or x1 symbol. For clarity, U1 over three individual scenarios firstly decoded the x2 symbol of U2 and obtained SINRs that are given by (2), (6), and (11), respectively. After detecting the x2 symbol, the U1 removed the x2 symbol from the received signal and then U1 decoded its own x1 symbol and obtained SINRs as shown in (3), (7), and (12). After SIC-ing with assuming the SINRs obtained with implementing perfect, imperfect and fully imperfect SICs, the instantaneous bit rate thresholds then obtained when U1 decoded xj symbol for j={2,1}, which were given by (4), (8), or (13). Next processing, the instantaneous bit rate thresholds \(R_{1 - {x_{j}}}^{(\Psi)}\) for Ψ={SISO,MISO,MIMO} were compared with Ujs’ bit rate thresholds denoted by \(R_{j}^{*}\). The NOP at U1 therefore occurred as a result when the instantaneous bit rate threshold \(R_{1 - {x_{j}}}^{(\Psi)}\) cannot reach to the bit rate threshold \(R_{j}^{*}\) of user Uj for j={2,1}. In other words, the NOP at U1 over three individual scenarios was then expressed as follows:
$$\begin{aligned} \Theta_{1}^{\left(\Psi \right)} &{}= 1 - \prod\limits_{j = 2}^{1} {\Theta_{1 - {x_{j}}}^{\left(\Psi \right)}} = 1 - \Theta_{1 - {x_{2}}}^{\left(\Psi \right)}\Theta_{1 - {x_{1}}}^{\left(\Psi \right)} \\ \end{aligned} $$$$ \begin{aligned} & = 1 - \left\lbrace \Pr \left\{ {R_{i - {x_{2}}}^{\left(\Psi \right)} \ge R_{2}^{*}} \right\} \text{ and} \Pr \left\{ {R_{i - {x_{1}}}^{\left(\Psi \right)} \ge R_{1}^{*}} \right\} \right\rbrace. \end{aligned} $$(14)It is worth to noting that the upper limit of Eq. (14) with j=2 indicates the number of current χ users have joined the network. By replacing the upper limit small value j with a massive χ, Eq. (14) can be used to investigate NOP at the strongest user over NOMA network with a massive χ user scenario like [6] or [14]. However, the aim of this study was to examined the impact of antennae on system performance, which is presented in the following sections. We were therefore limited to only χ=2 users without losing NOMA key features.
NOP at U2: The NOP of signal transmission at U2 will occur when it cannot successfully decode its own x2 symbol by treating x1 symbol as interference, assuming that the SINRs obtained with perfect, imperfect and fully imperfect SIC, respectively, over three individual scenario as shown (2) for the SISO scenario, (6) for the MISO scenario and (11) for the MIMO scenario, where i=j=2. After SIC-ing, the instantaneous bit rate threshold is obtained when U2 decodes its own symbol x2, which is similarly given by (4), (8), and (13), where i=j=2. Further processing, the instantaneous bit rate thresholds \(R_{2 - {x_{2}}}^{(\Psi)}\) for Ψ={SISO,MISO,MIMO} were compared with its own bit rate threshold \(R_{2}^{*}\). The NOP at U2 therefore occurred as a result when \(R_{2 - {x_{2}}}^{(\Psi)}\) cannot reach to the bit rate threshold \(R_{2}^{*}\). In other words, the NOP at U2 over three individual scenarios is expressed as follows:
$$ \begin{aligned} {\Theta_{2}^{(\Psi)}} &= 1 - {\Theta_{2-x_{2}}^{(\Psi)}} = \Pr \left\{ {{R_{2 - {x_{2}}}^{(\Psi)}} < R_{2}^{*}} \right\} \\&= 1 - \Pr \left\{ {{R_{2 - {x_{2}}}^{(\Psi)}} \geq R_{2}^{*}} \right\}. \end{aligned} $$(15)
3.1.1 NOP at users over SISO scheme
Remarks 1
Through NOP conditions as shown in (14) and (15) in Theorem 1, this study obtained the NOP at users over SISO scheme.
First, the NOP at U1 over SISO scenario is obtained and expressed in closed form as follows:
where \(\gamma _{j}^{*} = {2^{R_{j}^{*}}}\) for j={2,1}.
Through observation (17), it was simple to note that when the SIC was perfect, U1 certainly detected the x1 symbol but could not successfully detect its own x1 symbol. U1 therefore obtained the worst QoS. This issue was verified by analysis and simulation results shown in the next section.
Second, the NOP at U2 over SISO scenario is easily obtained and expressed in closed form as follows:
where Λ2=0 for perfect SIC, 0<Λ2<1 for imperfect SIC and Λ2=1 for fully imperfect SIC. By observation (19), it was simple to note that when the SIC was perfect, U2 obtained the best QoS.
See Appendix for proof.
3.1.2 NOP at users over MISO scheme
Remarks 2
The MISO scheme in this study assumed that the BS was equipped with a multiple transmitter antenna while the users were still equipped with a single receiver antenna, such as [35]. It was important to remember that S denoted the number of transmitter antennae at the BS, where S>1. Therefore, The matrix channels from the BS to the user Ui are \({\bf {H}}_{0,i}^{\left (\mathrm {{MISO}} \right)} = \left [ {h_{0,i}^{\left ({1,1} \right)} \cdots h_{0,i}^{\left ({s,1} \right)} \cdots h_{0,i}^{\left ({S,1} \right)}} \right ]\) for s∈S. TAS protocol was deployed.
The NOP conditions at U1 over MISO scenario are given as follows:
Equation (20) is obtained in closed form as follows:
In addition, the approximation in closed form of NOP at U1 is obtained by using the PDF as shown in (57) and (58) for \({0 \le x < \frac {{{\Delta ^{2} \alpha _{2}}}}{{{\Lambda ^{2} \alpha _{1}}}}}\) and expressed as follows:
However, the NOP conditions at the U2 over MISO scenario are given as follows:
Equation (23) is obtained in closed form as follows:
Similarly, the approximation in closed form of NOP at U2 over MISO scenario is obtained by using the PDF as shown (57) for \({0 \le x < \frac {{{\Delta ^{2} \alpha _{2}}}}{{{\Lambda ^{2} \alpha _{1}}}}}\) and expressed as follows:
See Appendix for the proof.
3.1.3 NOP at users over MIMO scheme
Remarks 3
In this section, this study assumed that the BS and all users are equipped with a multiple antenna. It is important to remember that U denotes the number of receiver antennae at the users, where U>1, while S denotes the number of transmitter antennae at the BS, where S>1. Therefore, the matrix channels from the sth transmitter antenna at the BS to the uth receiver antenna at the ith user for vectors s=[1⋯S], and u=[1⋯U] are \(\bf {H}_{0,i}^{\left ({MIMO} \right)}\). The TAS protocol was deployed in this scenario.
The NOP conditions at U1 over MIMO scenario are given as follows:
Equation (26) is obtained in closed form as follows:
In addition, the approximation in closed form of NOP at U1 over MIMO scenario can be also obtained by using the PDF as shown (55) and expressed as follows:
However, the NOP conditions at U2 over MIMO scenario are given as follows:
Equation (29) is obtained in closed form as follows:
Similarly, the approximation in closed form of NOP at U2 over MIMO scenario is also obtained by using the PDF (55) and expressed as follows:
See Appendix for the proof.
3.2 Secrecy outage probability (SOP) with eavesdropper E
In this investigation, this study assumed an eavesdropper E existed in the NOMA network. Eavesdropper E over three individual scenarios received signals by substituting its own channel \({h_{0,E}^{\left (\Psi \right)}}\) into (1), (5) or (10). The eavesdropper E can also detect x1 or x2 data symbol of U1 or U2 when it eavesdrops U1 or U2. For clarity, the SINRs are obtained at the eavesdropper E when it decodes the x2 symbol by substituting \({\left | {h_{0,E}^{\left (\Psi \right)}} \right |^{2}}\) into (2), (6) or (11). However, the eavesdropper E can also detect and remove x2 symbol from received signal and then detect the x1 symbol when it eavesdropped U1. The instantaneous bit rate threshold of the eavesdropper E over three individual scenarios is therefore obtained from (4), (8) or (13).
The secure instantaneous bit rate of Ui for i={1,2} over SISO, MISO and MIMO schemes, respectively, are expressed as follows:
and
Theorem 1
SOP at the Ui over three individual scenarios is the probability that the secure instantaneous bit rate given by (30), (32) or (34) cannot reach the Uis’ bit rate threshold \(R_{i}^{*}\). In other words, the SOP at Ui for i={1,2} can be respectively expressed as follows:
and
where Ψ={SISO,MISO,MIMO}.
3.2.1 SOP at users over SISO scheme
Remarks 4
In this subsection, this study investigated the SOP at legitimate user Ui for i={1,2} over SISO scheme as the system model in [42]. As with (33) in Theorem 2, the SOP at U1 over SISO scheme can be rewritten, solved and expressed in closed form as follows:
where \({\theta _{1}} = \frac {{\gamma _{2}^{*}\left ({1 + {\beta }} \right) - 1}}{{\left ({{\Delta ^{2} \alpha _{2}} - {\Lambda ^{2} \alpha _{1}}\left ({\gamma _{2}^{*}\left ({1 + {\beta }} \right) - 1} \right)} \right){\rho _{0}}\sigma _{0,1}^{2}}} + \frac {{{\beta }}}{{\left ({{\Delta ^{2} \alpha _{2}} - {\Lambda ^{2} \alpha _{1}}{\beta }} \right){\rho _{0}}\sigma _{0,E}^{2}}}, {\beta } = \frac {{\varpi \left ({{\lambda } + 1} \right)}}{2}, {\lambda } = \cos \left ({\frac {{2w - 1}}{2W}\pi } \right)\), and \(\varpi = \frac {1}{{{\Lambda ^{2} (1-\alpha _1)}\gamma _{1}^{*}}} - 1+ \Xi < \frac {{{\Delta ^{2} \alpha _{2}}}}{{{\Lambda ^{2} \alpha _{1}}}}\), while Ξ is the approximate coefficient with \(0 < \Xi < \frac {{{\Delta ^{2}}{\alpha _{2}}}}{{{\Lambda ^{2}}{\alpha _{1}}}} - \left ({\frac {1}{{{\Lambda ^{2}}\left ({1 - {\alpha _{1}}} \right)\gamma _{1}^{*}}} - 1} \right)\) for the case of imperfect SIC, otherwise Ξ=0. It is important to note that W referred the accuracy coefficient. Meanwhile the coefficient W is an increasingly large value, the SOP analysis results at U1 become increasingly more accurate.
However, the SOP at U2 over SISO scheme is also rewritten, solved and expressed in closed form as follows:
where \({\theta _{2}} = \frac {{\gamma _{2}^{*}\left ({1 + {\beta }} \right) - 1}}{{\left ({{\Delta ^{2} \alpha _{2}} - {\Lambda ^{2} \alpha _{1}}\left ({\gamma _{2}^{*}\left ({1 + {\beta }} \right) - 1} \right)} \right){\rho _0}\sigma _{0,2}^{2}}} + \frac {{{\beta }}}{{\left ({{\Delta ^{2} \alpha _2} - {\Lambda ^{2} \alpha _1}{\beta }} \right){\rho _0}\sigma _{0,E}^{2}}}\).
See Appendix for the proof.
3.2.2 SOP at user over MISO scheme
Remarks 5
In this subsection, this study investigated the SOP at user Ui for i={1,2} over MISO scheme. As with (35) in Theorem 2, the SOP at U1 over MISO scheme can be rewritten and expressed as follows:
where vector s=[1⋯S].
The CDF of \(\gamma _{i - {x_j}}^{\left (\mathrm { {MISO}}\right)}\) for i={1,2,E} are respectively given by (57) for j=2 or (58) for j=1.
The PDF of \(\gamma _{i - {x_j}}^{\left (\mathrm { {MISO}}\right)}\) for i={1,2,E} and j={2,1} is respectively given by (59) or (60).
Through Eq. (41), the SOP at U1 can be obtained and expressed in closed form as follows:
where G1 was given by (70).
The SOP at U2 as with (36) in Theorem 2 can be obtained and expressed in closed form as follows:
where \(\Phi _{i} = \frac {{s\left ({\gamma _{2}^{*}\left ({1 + {\beta }} \right) - 1} \right)}}{{\left ({{\Delta ^{2} \alpha _2} - {\Lambda ^{2} \alpha _1}\left ({\gamma _{2}^{*}\left ({1 + {\beta }} \right) - 1} \right)} \right){\rho _0}\sigma _{0,i}^{2}}} + \frac {{{\beta }}}{{\left ({{\Delta ^{2} \alpha _2} - {\Lambda ^{2} \alpha _1}{\beta }} \right){\rho _0}\sigma _{0,E}^{2}}}\) for i={1,2}, and G2 is given by (70) by substituting i=2.
See Appendix for the proof.
3.2.3 SOP at user over MIMO scheme
Remarks 6
In this subsection, this study investigated the SOP at Ui for i={1,2} over MIMO scenario. The users were also equipped a multiple receiver antenna. As with (35) in Theorem 2, the SOP of U1 therefore can therefore be obtained a nd expressed in closed form as follows:
However, the SOP at U2 over MIMO scenario can be obtained and expressed in closed form as follows:
See Appendix for the proof.
3.3 System throughput
The system throughput is the sum of achievable received bit rate at all Ui for i={1,2} which was denoted by \(P_{sys}^{\left (\Psi \right)} \) [47]. The system throughput can therefore be computed and expressed as follows:
where Ψ={SISO,MISO,MIMO}.
4 Numerical results and discussions
In this section, this study presents the analysis results and Monte Carlo simulation results obtained from the investigation in the previous sections. Due to Kong et al. [40] confirmed that the factors include number of users, path-loss exponent, the number of antennae impacted on system performance. We therefore set the parameters for two users U1 and U2 and an eavesdropper E, path-loss exponent r=4 [41]. We subjected the parameters to analysis and simulate as shown in Table 1.
Note that in all figures, the markers indicate the analysis results while the solid or dashed lines indicate the Monte Carlo simulation results. The simulation results were based on the investigation of 106 random samples. Monte Carlo simulation results were used to compare and verify the analysis results.
4.1 Results and discussions for perfect/imperfect/fully imperfect sIC
In this subsection, this study investigated the NOP and SOP performance at the users over SISO scheme. The PA coefficients were also given by two PA strategies by [6] with (\(\alpha _{1}^{[6]} = 0.33333, \alpha _{2}^{[6]} = 0.66667\)), and [14] with (\(\alpha _{1}^{[14]} = 0.45136, \alpha _{2}^{[14]} = 0.54864\)). Figure 2a plots the NOP results at U1 with implementing perfect (Λ2=0), imperfect (Λ2=0.5) and fully imperfect (Λ2=1) SICs, respectively. It is interesting to observe the results obtained through Fig. 2a. Although U1 implemented perfect SIC, the NOP performance at U1, however, obtained the worst results. For clarity, U1 had two SIC phases. The first SIC phase decoded the x2 symbol and then removing x2 symbol from the received signal. For the perfect SIC case with coefficient Λ2=0,U1 therefore easily decoded the x2 symbol with only interference n1. In the second SIC phase, U1 cannot successfully decode its own x1 symbol due to \(\Pr \left \lbrace R_{1-x_1}^{\mathrm {(SISO)}} \ge R_{1}^{*} \right \rbrace = 0\). The NOP results at U1 obtained through PA strategy given by [14] better than another strategy given by [6] at the SNRs ρ0→∞.
a and b are with NOP and SOP at U1 based on perfect, imperfect, and fully imperfect SIC. c and d are with NOP and SOP at U2 based on perfect, imperfect, and fully imperfect SIC
Figure 2b also plots the SOP results at U1 and also implemented with perfect/imperfect/fully imperfect SIC at U1. The SOP results at U1 assuming perfect SIC (Λ2=0) still obtained the worst results at low SNRs ρ0<40 dB. The SOP results at U1 assuming fully imperfect SIC (Λ2=1) still obtained the best results at SNRs ρ0<50 dB. However, the SOP results at U1 assuming imperfect SIC (Λ2=0.5) obtained the best results when SNRs ρ0 increased, e.g. SNR ρ0=60 dB. In summary, the SOP results obtained at U1 assuming perfect/imperfect/fully imperfect SIC were approximately together at SNRs ρ0→∞.
In other investigations, Fig. 2c and d plot NOP and SOP results obtained at U2 based on two PA strategies by [6, 14]. Due to \(\alpha _{2}^{[6]} = 0.66667\) given by [6] bigger than \(\alpha _{2}^{[14]} = 0.54864\) given by [14], the obtained NOP results from [6] indicated with blue markers outperform the results indicated with black markers obtained from [14] at SNRs ρ0. In addition, the NOP results obtained at U2 with the same PA strategy were approximately obtained together based on all three perfect, imperfect and fully imperfect SICs. By observation, equation (38) for (Λ2=0), (Λ2=0.5), and (Λ2=1), we noted that U1 was allocated a small power factor \(\alpha _{1}^{[6]} = 0.33333\) or \(\alpha _{1}^{[14]} = 0.45136\) because the channel conditions for U1 was better than channel conditions for U2. The x1 symbol therefore lightly impacted when U2 decoded its own x2 symbol by treating the x1 symbol as noise.
Figure 2d plots the SOP results at U2 assuming perfect/imperfect/fully imperfect SICs. The difference to Fig. 2b is easily seen. Assuming perfect SIC (Λ2=0), the results obtained at U2 were the best results compared to other SICs because U2 implemented perfect SIC with no impact from internal interference x1. Assuming imperfect (Λ2=0.5) and fully imperfect (Λ2=1) SICs at U2 because of the impact from internal interference x1 and external eavesdropper E, U2’s SOP results from (38) therefore obtained \(\Theta _{1}^{(\text {SISO})} \to 1\) as the secrecy instantaneous bit rate reached \(\tilde R_{2 - {x_2}}^{\left (\Psi \right)} \to 0\) with SNRs ρ0→∞. It is worth noting that the results of analysis given by (38) plotted with various markers were proved and verified using Monte Carlo simulation results given by (37) and plotted with black solid and blue crossed-solid lines.
4.2 Results and discussions for the NOP and SOP
From the analysis and simulation results obtained in the previous subsection 4.1, we observed that fully imperfect SIC showed a balanced QoS between U2 and U1. The investigations are therefore discussed below assuming fully imperfect (Λ2=1) at the users.
Figure 3a plots the NOP results at U1 over the three SISO, MISO and MIMO scenarios in four investigations as follows: a SISO scenario equipped with a single antenna at the BS and users (S=U=1); a MISO scenario equipped with a double transmitter antenna at the BS (S=2) and a single receiver antenna at the users (U=1); another MISO scenario equipped with a triple transmitter antenna at the BS (S=3) and a single receiver antenna at the users (U=1); and a MIMO scenario equipped with a double antenna at the BS and users (S=U=2). From the analysis and simulations results, the NOMA system performance progressively improved by equipping more antennae. For example, the MISO scenario with S=3 obtained better performance than the MISO scenario with S=2. However, it was interesting when the MIMO system with S=2 obtained better performance than the MISO system with S=3. For clarity, the MISO scheme with S=3 and U=1 had three channels from the BS to each user, while the MIMO scenario with S=2 and U=2 had four channels from the BS to each user. The TAS protocols over the MIMO scheme selected the best channel from four channels, while only three channels over the MISO scheme. The different markers plot the results of analysis given by (17), (21) and (27) for the SISO, MISO and MIMO scenarios, respectively. The different crossed markers plot the approximated results given by (22) and (28). The other lines indicate the Monte Carlo simulation results. The analysis and approximated results are generally close and were verified by the Monte Carlo simulation results. Monte Carlo simulations were investigated based on the statistical results of 106 experimental iterations, as in previous studies. The analysis, approximation and simulation results matched closely, as shown in Fig. 3a.
a is the NOP at U1 over SISO, MISO and MIMO scenarios, and b is the SOP at U1 over individual scenario
In addition, Fig. 3b plots the SOP results at U1 over three individual schemes with the same parameters as Table 1. However, this investigation included an eavesdropper E. It is easy to observe that the diamond markers in Fig. 3b are close to the SOP results at U2 based on fully imperfect SIC, plotted as circle markers in Fig. 2b. The initial impact of an eavesdropper on system performance was negligible, e.g. at low SNRs ρ0≤40 dB, because the eavesdropper found it difficult to successfully decode the x1 symbol at U1 when it eavesdropped U1. As the SNRs ρ0→∞ increased, the system performance deteriorated because the eavesdropper E easily decoded the x1 symbol at U1. In all investigations, the MIMO scenario with S=U=2 obtained better results than the other scenarios. The SOP analysis results were plotted with various markers given by (38), (42) and (46) for the SISO, MISO and MIMO scenarios, respectively, while the various lines plot the Monte Carlo simulation results given by (37), (41) and (45). Monte Carlo simulations, in particular, were investigated based on the statistical results of 107 experimental iterations instead of only 106 experimental iterations as in previous investigation, see Fig. 3a. Due to the existence of the eavesdropper E, statistics over only 106 samples were not guaranteed to be accurate.
This paper also investigated the NOP and SOP at U2 over three individual SISO, MISO and MIMO scenarios as shown in Figs. 4a and b, respectively. The NOP and SOP results at U2 were indicated with diamond markers in Fig. 4a and b, the results assuming fully imperfect SIC, plotted with circle markers as shown in Fig. 2c and d. QoS at U2 over the MIMO scenario significantly improved compared to its results in other scenarios. Figure 4a plots various markers for NOP analysis results at U2 given by (19), (24) and (30) for SISO, MISO and MIMO scenarios, respectively, while crossed markers show the approximated results given by (25) and (31). The various lines plot the Monte Carlo simulation results given by (18), (23) and (29), respectively. The NOP results at U2 obtained \(\Theta _{2}^{\left (\Psi \right)} \to 0\) when ρ0→∞.
a is the NOP results at U2 over SISO, MISO and MIMO scenarios, and b is the SOP results at U2 over also three individual scenarios
Figure 4b shows the plotted results for SOP at U2 over three individual scenarios and indicate that the MIMO scenario significantly improved QoS at U2 at low SNRs, e.g. ρ0<40 dB. As SNRs ρ0 increased to 40 dB and over, the SOP performance at U2 over all three scenarios developed progressively worse results, e.g. SNRs ρ0≥40 dB, and then approximated each other for SNRs ρ0≥100 dB. At high SNRs, e.g. ρ0>100 dB, SOP at U2 over the three individual scenarios tended to 100% outage (\(\tilde \Theta _{2}^{\left (\Psi \right)} \to 1\)) as a result of the secrecy instantaneous bit rate threshold tending to zero (\(\tilde R_{2 - {x_2}}^{\left (\Psi \right)} \to 0\)) and the instantaneous bit rate threshold of the eavesdropper E tending to 1 (\(R_{E - {x_2}}^{\left (\Psi \right)} \to 1\)) when it eavesdropped U2 with SNRs ρ0→∞. The results of analysis for the three individual scenarios plotted by various markers given by (40), (44) and (48) were also proved and verified using Monte Carlo simulation results given by (39), (43) and (47), plotted as various lines.
4.3 Results and discussions for the system throughput
From the results obtained for NOP and SOP at U1 and U2 over three individual scenarios, we plotted the achievable throughput and secrecy throughput for both U1 and U2, shown in Figs. 5a, b and 6a, b. Figure 5a and b plot the throughput and secure throughput of U1 over three individual scenarios, while Figs. 6a and b plot the throughput and secure throughput of U2 over the same scenarios. We can easily see that the throughput results achieved at Ui over the MIMO scenario were slightly better, because the NOP results at Ui over the MIMO scenario obtained better results than other scenarios. As SNR ρ0→∞ increased, the NOP results therefore tended approximately to zero (\(\Theta _{i}^{\left (\Psi \right)} \to 0\)), as shown in Figs. 3a and 4a. Throughput therefore tended to the user’s bit rate threshold \(R_{i}^{(*)}=0.1\) bit per channel user (BPCU), as shown in Figs. 5a and 6a.
a is the throughput of U1 over SISO, MISO and MIMO scenarios, and b is the secure throughput of U1 over three individual scenarios
a is the non-secure throughput of U1 over SISO, MISO and MIMO scenarios, and b is the secure throughput of individual scenarios
Figures 5b and 6b plot the secrecy throughput of Ui over the three individual scenarios. However, it was interesting to observe in Fig. 6b that secrecy throughput improved at U2 as SNR ρ0→40 dB increased and thereafter reduced to approximately zero instead of tending toward its bit rate threshold \(R_{i}^{(*)}\), as in Figs. 5a and b. Because of the eavesdropper E, the approximately obtained instantaneous bit rate threshold at U2 for SNRs ρ0→∞, the SOP results at U2 over three individual scenarios tended to 100% outage (\(\tilde \Theta _{2}^{\left (\Psi \right)} \to 1\)) while the secrecy bit rate threshold at U2 therefore tended to zero (\(\tilde R_{2 - {x_2}}^{\left (\Psi \right)} \to 0\)).
4.4 Results and discussions for the impacts of antennae
In this section, the impact of antennae on system performance is investigated. All the parameters of investigation in Table 1 were reapplied, however, with fixed SNRs ρ0={20,50} dB.
Figure 7a and b plot the SOP and NOP results at U1 and U2, respectively. As a contribution, it is worth noting that the BS, U1 and U2 were equipped with multi-antenna technology differentiated from each other instead of being equipped with the same number of antennae as in the previous studies [23] with M=N=3 or [24] with M=N=2, where M and N denote the number of antennae at the BS and users, respectively. By observation, we can conclude that the system performance improved by equipping more antennae at either the BS or user or both. In addition, the SNR ρ0 also significantly impacted the system’s performance. For example, the NOP and SOP results at users obtained with SNR ρ0=50 dB outperformed the results at SNR ρ0=20 dB. Figure 8a and b plot the throughput and secrecy throughput results at the users over the three individual scenarios based on the results as shown in Figs. 7a and b.
The impacts of antennae on SOP/NOP at a U1, and b U2
The impacts of antennae on system throughput/secrecy throughput at a U1, and b U2
5 Conclusion
In this paper, a MINO-NOMA system was proposed equipping multiple antennae not only at the BS but also at all users. The TAS protocol was also deployed. An analysis and approximation of NOP and SOP at the users were investigated and the results obtained were expressed in closed form, which were proved and verified using Monte Carlo simulation results based on 106 random samples of experiments. In the SOP results, the secrecy system performance was impacted because of an eavesdropper. However, the analysis, approximation and simulation results indicated that secrecy system performance can be significantly enhanced by increasing the number of antennae or the SNRs. This paper therefore demonstrated that multiple antennae combined with the TAS protocol and reasonable PA were an effective strategy for improving secrecy system performance and resisting eavesdropping.
6 Appendix
6.1 The proof of Remark 1
The CDF of \({\gamma _{i - {x_j}}^{\left (\mathrm { {SISO} }\right)}}\) where i={1,2,E} and j={2,1} can be respectively expressed as follows:
and,
However, the PDF of \({\gamma _{i - {x_j}}^{\left (\mathrm { {SISO}}\right)}}\) where i={1,2,E} and j={2,1} can be also respectively expressed as follows:
and
By substituting (2) or (3) into (4) and combining with the outage conditions in (16) or (18), we obtain the expressions as follows:
By applying the PDF, the NOP at Ui for i={1,2} obtained when it cannot successfully detect the xj symbol for j={2,1} is expressed as
By substituting (55) and (56) for i=1 and j={2,1} into (16), we easily obtain the closed form of the NOP at U1 over SISO scheme as shown in (17). Similarly, the NOP at U2 over SISO scheme can be obtained in closed form as shown in (19) by substituting (55) for i=j=2 into (18).
6.2 The proof of Remark 2
The CDF of \({\gamma _{i - {x_j}}^{\left (\mathrm { {MISO} }\right)}}\), where i={1,2,E},j={2,1} and s=[1⋯S], can be respectively expressed as follows:
and
However, the PDF of \(\gamma _{i - {x_j}}^{\left (\mathrm { {MISO} }\right)}\) for i={1,2,E} and j={2,1} is expressed as follows:
By substituting (6) or (7) into (8) and combining with the outage conditions in (20) or (23), we obtain the expression as follows:
The NOP at Ui for i={1,2} obtained when it cannot successfully decode the xj symbol for j={2,1} expressed as follows:
By substituting (62), where i=1 and j={2,1} into (20), we easily obtain the closed form of the NOP at U1 over MISO scheme as shown in (21). Similarly, the NOP at U2 over MISO scheme can be also obtained in closed form as shown in (24) by substituting (62), where i=2 and j=2, into (23).
6.3 The proof of Remark 3
By substituting (11) or (12) into (13) and combining with the outage conditions in (26) or (29), we obtain the expression as follows:
The NOP at Ui for i={1,2} when it cannot successfully decode the xj symbol for j={2,1} over MIMO scheme is expressed as follows:
By substituting (64), where i=1 and j={2,1}, into (26), we easily obtain the closed form of the NOP at U1 over MIMO scheme as shown in (27). Similarly, the NOP at U2 over MIMO scheme can be also obtained in closed form as shown in (30) by substituting (64), where i=2 and j=2, into (29).
6.4 The proof of Remark 4
By substituting (4) for i={1,E} and j=1 into (32) and combining secure outage conditions in (37), we obtain the SOP at U1 when it cannot successfully detect x1 symbol expressed as follows:
By applying the PDF, Eq. (65), where \(R_{1 - {x_1}}^{(\mathrm { {SISO}})} > R_{E - {x_1}}^{(\mathrm { {SISO}})}\), can be solved and expressed in closed form as follows:
Similarly, we obtain the SOP at Ui when it cannot successfully detect the x2 symbol by substituting (4) into (32) and combining secure outage conditions in (37) or (39) as follows:
We attempted to solve (67) using integrals with condition \(R_{1 - {x_1}}^{(\mathrm { {SISO}})} > R_{E - {x_1}}^{(\mathrm { {SISO}})}\). However, it is difficult to obtain the SOP at Ui when it cannot decode x2 symbol in closed form. The authors in [35] proposed applying the Gaussian-Chebyshev quadrature method to obtain an approximation expression. The SOP at Ui when it cannot decode the x2 symbol therefore obtained and expressed as follows:
6.5 The proof of Remark 5
By using the CDF (57–58), and PDF (59–60), the SOP at U1 is expressed as follows:
where \(\Omega = \gamma _{2}^{*}\left ({1 + x} \right) - 1\), and μ=Δ2α2−Λ2α1x.
Using CDF (57) and Gaussian-Chebyshev quadrature, Gi for i={1,2} can be obtained as follows:
By substituting (70) into (69), we obtained the closed form of the SOP at U1 over the MISO scheme as shown in(42). From (70), we can also obtain the closed form of the SOP at U2 over the MISO scheme as shown in the (44) with outage conditions as shown in (43).
6.6 The proof of Remark 6
From (57), the CDF of \(\gamma _{i - {x_2}}^{\left (\text {MIMO} \right)}\) was rewritten and expressed as follows:
The SOP at U1 is expressed as follows:
Using CDF (72) and Gaussian-Chebyshev quadrature method, Ki for i={1,2} can be obtained and expressed as follows:
By substituting (73) into (72), we obtained the closed form of the SOP at U1 over the MIMO scheme as shown in(46). From (73), we can also obtain the closed form of the SOP at U2 over the MIMO scheme as shown in the (48) with outage conditions as shown in (47).
Availability of data and materials
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the study.
Notes
This study used Matlab software version R2017b made by The MathWorks, Inc. based at 3 Apple Hill Drive Natick, MA 01760 USA 508-647-7000.
Abbreviations
- 5G:
-
Fifth generation network
- BS:
-
Base station
- CDF:
-
Cumulative distribution function
- MIMO:
-
Cumulative distribution function
- MISO:
-
Multi-input-single-output
- NOMA:
-
Non-orthogonal multiple access
- NOP:
-
Non-secrecy outage probability
- PA:
-
Power allocation
- PDF:
-
Probability density function
- PLS:
-
Physical layer security
- SIC:
-
Successive interference cancellation
- SINRs:
-
Signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratios
- SISO:
-
Single-input-single-output
- SNRs:
-
Signal-to-noise-ratios
- SOP:
-
Secrecy outage probability
- TAS:
-
Transmit antenna selection
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Acknowledgments
We would especially like to thank the editors and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments to improve this paper.
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The research leading to these results received funding from the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports under grant No. SP2019/41 conducted at VSB - Technical University of Ostrava.
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TNT is the first author who proposed the main concept, analysed and simulated the system and presented the final manuscript. MV is the second author. He is experienced in wireless communication research. He conducted a review and provide the first author with useful commentary. Both authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Thanh-Nam TRAN (ORCID:0000-0002-7065-7951) was born on Oct. 15, 1988 in the Vinh Long province, Vietnam. He received his M.Sc. from the Military Technical Academy (MTA) in 2014. He works and lectures at the Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications at Sai Gon University, Vietnam. He is a member of the Wireless Communication Research Group and Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Ton Duc Thang University. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in communications technology at VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic. He received Prof. Miroslav Voznak as a supervisor. His major interests are NOMA, energy harvesting (EH), cognitive radio (CR) and physical layer security (PLS). He has significant skill in C++, python, and Matlab programming.
Miroslav VOZNAK (ORCID:0000-0001-5135-7980) received his Ph.D. in telecommunications from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at VSB – Technical University of Ostrava and completed his habilitations in 2002 and 2009. He was appointed Full Professor in 2017 in Electronics and Communications Technologies. He is an IEEE senior member and has served as a member on editorial boards for several publications, such as the Journal of Communications and the Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Journal. His research interests focus generally on information and communications technology, particularly on quality of service and experience, network security, wireless networks and, in the last few years, big data analytics.
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Tran, TN., Voznak, M. On secure system performance over SISO, MISO and MIMO-NOMA wireless networks equipped a multiple antenna based on TAS protocol. J Wireless Com Network 2020, 11 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-019-1586-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-019-1586-y