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A traffic data collection and analysis method based on wireless sensor network

Abstract

With the rapid development of urbanization, collecting and analyzing traffic flow data are of great significance to build intelligent cities. The paper proposes a novel traffic data collection method based on wireless sensor network (WSN), which cannot only collect traffic flow data, but also record the speed and position of vehicles. On this basis, the paper proposes a data analysis method based on incremental noise addition for traffic flow data, which provides a criterion for chaotic identification. The method adds noise of different intensities to the signal incrementally by an improved surrogate data method and uses the delayed mutual information to measure the complexity of signals. Based on these steps, the trend of complexity change of mixed signal can be used to identify signal characteristics. The numerical experiments show that, based on incremental noise addition, the complexity trends of periodic data, random data, and chaotic data are different. The application of the method opens a new way for traffic flow data collection and analysis.

1 Introduction

Traffic congestion is a daily phenomenon in large- and medium-sized cities all over the world. With limited urban facilities and resources, it is an effective way to control traffic congestion by analyzing and predicting traffic flow. This involves two issues, collecting and analyzing traffic data.

There are many methods to collect traffic data, such as pneumatic road tubes [1], induction loop [2], and piezoelectric sensors [3]. These methods can collect traffic flow, but cannot record the speed and location of vehicles, which cannot meet the needs of traffic flow analysis algorithm. The paper proposes a novel traffic data collection scheme based on wireless sensor network (WSN). The scheme measures vehicle flow and speed based on vehicle disturbances to geomagnetism and uses the slotted ALOHA protocol to communicate between data nodes. Based on the scheme, vehicle speed and location are record every specific time slot.

Chaos algorithm is widely used in traffic flow data processing, and chaotic identification is the premise of chaotic analysis. However, because of the complexity of chaos, its intrinsic mechanism has not been fully revealed, so the academic community has not yet proposed a unified definition of chaos. Aiming at the chaotic identification, scholars have proposed many criterions, such as Poincare section [4], bifurcation diagram [5], power spectrum [6], Kolmogorov entropy [7], and topological entropy [8]. The most commonly used criteria are the largest Lyapunov exponent [9, 10] and the fractal dimension [11, 12], but these two parameters are based on phase space reconstruction [13, 14]. Only in real phase space or near-real phase space that the two parameters can accurately analyze and identify the signal. The time delay method based on the Takens embedding theorem [15] is a main way for phase space reconstruction. However, this method has been influenced by many causes in practice, so the real phase space model of the object is often difficult to get, which leads to the unreliability of the identification results.

According to the idea of indirect method, the noise of different intensities is incrementally added to the signal, and it is found that the complexity trend of the mixed signal is an important feature for identifying signal characteristics. The paper uses surrogate data method as a noise-adding algorithm, and the noise intensity ρ in the algorithm is used to measure the size of adding noise. Then the delayed mutual information is used to measure the complexity of signals. The numerical experiments show that, based on incremental noise addition, the complexity trends of periodic data, random data, and chaotic data are different. This feature can be used as a significant criterion for identifying the differences of various kinds of signals, which achieves reliable chaotic recognition for traffic flow signals.

2 Traffic data collection scheme based on WSN

2.1 System architecture

The scheme uses a magnetometer to count the vehicle and identify the speed. Normally, the Earth’s magnetic field is almost evenly distributed anywhere on the surface, between 0.25 and 0.65 gauss. Since the vehicle is generally composed of a highly permeable ferrous material, when the vehicle passes through the sensor, it disturbs the Earth’s magnetic field in the detection area. Generally, a magnetometer sensor can detect vehicles that are 10 m apart. The system architecture is shown in Fig. 1. In the system, all data collection nodes are responsible for collecting road traffic data, and then these nodes transmit data to the aggregation node based on the ALOHA protocol and finally transmit to the remote server through the mobile internet. The system has strong scalability, and the cost of construction, maintenance and operation is low, which is suitable for urban traffic monitoring.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Traffic flow collecting system architecture based WSN. The data collection node uses RFM69HCW wireless module and magnetometer sensor FXOS8700CQ to build the hardware part. The magnetometer sensor identifies the vehicle flow and speed based on the vehicle's disturbance to the earth's magnetic field, and then the wireless module aggregates the data into the aggregation node. Finally, the aggregation node data is transmitted to the remote cloud server via the mobile internet

2.2 Hardware selection

The data collection node uses RFM69HCW wireless module and magnetometer sensor FXOS8700CQ to build the hardware part. RFM69HCW is a low-cost, versatile radio module that can work in the unauthorized ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band. RF69 is a wireless transceiver chip promoted by HopeRF. It has + 20 dBm transmission power, − 120 dBm sensitivity, and 140 dB link budget. The module operates at 915 MHz with a maximum spatial rate of 300 kbps. RFM69HCW uses SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) to communicate with the master microcontroller and provides several Arduino libraries. It supports up to 256 networks, each with 255 nodes, and uses AES encryption to protect your data without restriction and transmits up to 66 bytes of packets. The module costs less than $2 and consumes less power to support on-board power supply.

The FXOS8700CQ is a smart digital chipset that integrates a three-axis magnetometer and a three-axis accelerometer sensor. The three-axis magnetometer has a dynamic detection range of 1200 μT and a 16-bit ADC resolution with a sensitivity of 0.1 μT/LSB. Power consumption is as low as 8 μA and consumes only 2 μA in standby mode. The chip has a wide measurement range, high resolution, low noise density, high sensitivity, low output noise range, low cost, low power consumption, and the ability to manage high interference areas.

2.3 Wireless communication protocol

ALOHA protocol is selected in this scheme. ALOHA is the earliest and most basic wireless data communication protocol. Its idea is simple. As long as users have data to send, let them send it. Usually, it includes pure ALOHA protocol and slotted ALOHA protocol.

Pure ALOHA is the most basic form of a MAC protocol, it has two rules:

  • If there is data to be sent, send the data.

  • And if, while sending that data, the data is received from another node, a collision has occurred. If this happens, try resending the data later.

This protocol is seldom used because of its high channel conflict.

Slotted ALOHA is an improved vision of pure ALOHA, which modifies the protocol by adding slots that dictate when a node may start transmitting. Adding the rule doubles the throughput of the protocol to a successful transmission rate of 36%. Therefore, the slotted ALOHA protocol is chosen in this scheme.

3 Traffic data analysis method

Chaos theory is an effective method of data analysis, but the premise of chaos analysis is chaos identification. A data analysis method based on incremental noise addition is proposed in the paper for traffic flow data, which provides a criterion for chaotic identification. The method uses an improved surrogate data method to add noise to the signal to be analyzed incrementally, while using delayed mutual information to measure the complexity of mixing signals under different noise intensity.

3.1 Noise addition: Pseudo-periodic surrogate data method

3.1.1 The basic steps of pseudo-periodic surrogate data method

The pseudo-periodic surrogate data method (PPS) [16] is proposed by Small in 2001 and has been successfully applied to the chaotic identification of ECG signals. The essence of this method is to add noise to the source signal by changing the signal phase order.

The main steps of the PPS algorithm are as follows:

Step 1: For time series {x(t), t = 1, 2, , N}, the phase space is reconstructed according to the Takens embedding theorem and generates a set of high dimension vector X = {X1, X2, , XL},

$$ {X}_t=\left\{x(t),x\left(t+\tau \right),\cdots, x\left[t+\left(m-1\right)\tau \right)\right\}\ t=1,2,\cdots, L $$
(1)

In formula (1), m is embedding dimension, τ is time delay, and L = N − (m − 1)τ.

Step 2: Select a phase point s1 randomly in phase space X as the first value of vector sequence S, s1X;

Step 3: According to the Euclidean distance between s1 and phase points in phase space X, calculate the transition probability of phase points and select s2 randomly according to this probability, and so on. The transition probability is set as

$$ \mathrm{Prob}\left({s}_{i+1}={X}_t\right)\propto \exp \frac{-\left\Vert {X}_t-{s}_i\right\Vert }{\rho } $$
(2)

In formula (2), ρ is the noise intensity, which is a key parameter, and its significance will be discussed in the later paper.

Step 4: Repeats the steps until select vector sequence S = {s1, s2, sN}, and the surrogate data \( \overset{\sim }{S} \) is a time series which is composed of the first coordinate of each phase point in vector sequence S.

3.1.2 The discussion of pseudo-periodic surrogate data method

The PPS has three parameters, which are embedding dimension m, time delay τ, and noise intensity ρ. However, the value of ρ is the key to randomly changing the phase sequence of the source signal, and the choice of m and τ has no large effect on the algorithm. Therefore, the algorithm does not need phase space reconstruction, and m and τ need only to specify as a fixed set of values. According to formula (2), when ρ value is small, the phase transition probability is small, the phase point in the vector sequence S can only jump around the initial phase point s1, so the surrogate data is similar to the original data; When ρ increases gradually, the transition probability increases gradually too, and the jump range of the phase point in S increases accordingly. When ρ increases to a certain extent, the phase point in S will jump randomly in phase space X, so surrogate data \( \overset{\sim }{S} \) will be a completely random signal. Therefore, the ρ value determines the amplitude of noise added to the source signal in PPS. It is especially pointed out that, the ρ value is associated with the value of the original signal, so before the analysis, it is necessary to normalize the original signal.

According to the PPS, the surrogate data of a sine signal under each noise intensity are shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Sine signal and the surrogate data under different noise intensity. Add noise of different intensities (corresponding to the value of parameter ρ) to a sine signal using the PPS algorithm. With the increase of noise, the structure of source signal is gradually annihilated

There are four subgraphs in Fig. 2, the first is a normalized sine signal, and the others are surrogate data of sine signal under each noise intensity. When ρ = 0.01, although affected by noise, the surrogate data is similar to the original data. When ρ = 0.05, the surrogate data is influenced by the noise remarkably. When ρ = 0.2, the surrogate data has almost changed into a stochastic sequence. As the noise increases, the surrogate data of the sine signal gradually evolve from a regular sequence to a random sequence.

In summary, PPS can be used as a noise addition algorithm. Compared with the method of adding white noise, this algorithm can disrupt the phase order of the original data. With the increase of ρ, the structure of original data is gradually annihilated, but at the same time, the mean, variance, and range of the signals remain unchanged. Randomizing the signal while preserving the statistical characteristics is an important feature of the algorithm.

3.2 The parameter for signal complexity evaluation

After adding the quantitative noise to the signal, it is necessary to evaluate the complexity of the signal with noise effectively. Kolmogorov proposed the first definition of the signal complexity in 1965. Later, Lempel and Ziv proposed the specific algorithm called LZ complexity, which is widely used in the research of nonlinear science. In addition, Skyllingstad et al. [17] studied the correlation between the delayed mutual information and entropy then drew the conclusion the slope of mutual information is negatively correlated with the entropy. Therefore, delayed mutual information is also often used to measure the complexity of a time series. Taking the logistic chaotic time series, Lorenz’s chaotic time series, and ECG signals as examples, Zhang [18] compares LZ complexity and delayed mutual information. The conclusion is that both parameters can effectively express the data complexity, and the values are negatively correlated. Calculating the two parameters using a four-segment or more detailed segmentation algorithm can more accurately reflect the essence of nonlinear signals. The example analysis shows the delayed mutual information is more sensitive than the LZ complexity in expressing the intrinsic characteristics of the nonlinear dynamic system. Therefore, this paper uses delayed mutual information as the measurement for the signal complexity.

3.2.1 The definition of mutual information

A and B are the two information systems, the state space of the two systems are respectively A = {a1, a2, , an} and B = {b1, b2, , bm}, and the corresponding probabilities in the state spaces are p(ai)(i = 1, 2, , n) and p(bj)(j = 1, 2, , m), among them \( \sum \limits_{i=1}^np\left({x}_i\right)=1 \) and \( \sum \limits_{j=1}^mp\left({x}_j\right)=1 \). A and B can be regarded as two information sources, and their respective information entropy are

$$ H(A)=-{\sum}_{i=1}^np\left({a}_i\right){\log}_2p\left({a}_2\right) $$
(4)
$$ H(B)=-{\sum}_{j=1}^mp\left({b}_j\right){\log}_2p\left({b}_j\right) $$
(5)

The joint information source AB is composed of A and B, and its state space is AB = {a1b1, a1b2, , anbm}, and the joint probability distribution corresponding to the state space is

$$ \left|\begin{array}{ccc}{a}_1{b}_1& {a}_1{b}_2& \cdots \kern0.5em {a}_n{b}_m\\ {}p\left({a}_1{b}_1\right)& p\left({a}_1{b}_1\right)& \cdots \kern0.5em p\left({a}_n{b}_m\right)\end{array}\right|\kern0.5em $$
(6)

The information entropy of the joint source AB is

$$ H\left(\mathrm{AB}\right)=-{\sum}_{i=1}^n{\sum}_{j=1}^mp\;\left({a}_i{b}_j\right){\log}_2\left({a}_2{b}_j\right) $$
(7)

The mutual information of the sources A and B is defined as

$$ \mathrm{MI}\left(A,B\right)=H(A)+H(B)-H\left(\mathrm{AB}\right) $$
(8)

Mutual information can express the correlation between two sources A and B. When A is the same as B, the value of mutual information is maximum; when A and B are independent of each other, the mutual information is 0.

3.2.2 Calculation of delayed mutual information

To express the complexity of a signal, the time series of a signal can be used to calculate the delayed mutual information. Time series A = {a1, a2, , an} can be regarded as the information source A, moves the sequence of source A backward for the k points, and the times series B = {a1 + k, a2 + k, , an + k} is obtained, which can be regarded as the information source B. The mutual information between A and B is called delayed mutual information of a signal. The specific algorithms are as follows: The ranges of A and B are divided into 2c sections evenly from the minimum to the maximum, then 1, 2, , i, , 2c and 1, 2, , j, , 2c are used as the scale of each section, respectively. The joint information source AB can be regarded as a two-dimension vector; the corresponding sections of the two-dimension vector can be labeled by (i, j), i, j = 1, 2, , 2c; the scales of these sections are (1, 1), (1, 2), , (2, 1), , (i, j), , (2c, 2c); and the total quantity of these sections is 22c. Counts the number num(i,j) of the joint information source AB in the section (i,j), and calculates the joint probability of corresponding section (i,j) as below

$$ p\left({a}_i{b}_j\right)=\frac{\mathrm{num}\left(i,j\right)}{n},\left(i,j=1,2,\cdots, {2}^c\right) $$
(9)

n is the total number of the time series data, then

$$ p\left({a}_i\right)={\sum}_{j=1}^{2^c}\frac{\mathrm{num}\left(i,j\right)}{n}=\frac{\mathrm{num}(i)}{n} $$
(10)
$$ p\left({b}_j\right)={\sum}_{i=1}^{2^c}\frac{\mathrm{num}\left(i,j\right)}{n}=\frac{\mathrm{num}(j)}{n} $$
(11)

Sets the delay point k = 0, 1, 2, , K, and brings the calculation results of formulas (9), (10), and (11) into formulas (4), (5), (7), and (8), then the delayed mutual information sequence D = {D0, D1, , DK} of time series A can be obtained. When k = 0, the time series A and B are exactly the same, and the time delay mutual information D0 is maximum, that is, D0 ≥ Dl, D = 1, 2, , K. Therefore, the value of D0 can be used to normalize I. Applying the algorithm, the delayed mutual information sequences of a Lorenz chaotic signal and a periodic signal are shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Delayed mutual information sequence of two signals. This figure shows that the delayed mutual information can express the complexity of the signal. The simpler the signal is, the closer the parameter value is to 1; the more complex the signal is, and the closer the parameter value is to 0

In Fig. 3, with the increase of time delay, the delayed mutual information value of the Lorenz chaotic signal decreases rapidly and then keeps oscillating between [0.1,0,3]; meanwhile, the delayed mutual information value of the periodic signal oscillates between [0.75,1] periodically. The figure shows the delayed mutual information oscillations range of high complexity chaotic signals are far lower than the periodic signals’ with lower complexity, which shows the complexity of signal can be expressed by delayed mutual information. To quantify the complexity accurately, this paper uses the mean value MD of K + 1 delayed mutual information from k = 0 to K as the measurement:

$$ \mathrm{MD}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^K{D}_i}{K+1} $$
(12)

4 Result and discussion

4.1 Data sources

In this section, the method of the third section is used to carry out numerical experiments on typical periodic signals, chaotic signals, and random signals, respectively.

The periodic signals used for analysis are generated by logistic model [19]. The logistic model, proposed by biologist May, is also called model of insect, which is the most prestigious achievement in the early study of chaos. The expression of the model is

$$ {x}_{n+1}=\lambda {x}_n\left(1-{x}_n\right) $$
(13)

In formula (13), n = 1,2,…, is the iterative sequence, λ is a key control parameter, and λ [3, 4], the iterative initial value x0 [0, 1]. The logistic model is a famous example from regularity to chaos. The model can produce typical periodic signals and chaotic signals by setting different values of λ. Using the logistic model, three sets of periodic signals are generated, which λ values are 3.4, 3.84, and 3.5, and the three sets of signals are double period, triple period, and four times period, respectively.

There are two groups of chaotic signals for analysis. The three chaotic signals in the first group are also generated by logistic model, which λ values are 3.7, 3.8, and 3.9, respectively. The two signals in the second group are generated by the Lorenz attractor [20] and Henon attractor [21]. In addition, to analyze the signal characteristics, a set of traffic flow data is selected in the second group.

Finally, three white Gaussian noise signals are selected as random signals for numerical analysis.

All the signals used for analysis above can be regarded as time series, and all of which have a length of 5000.

4.2 Experimental design

For the above signals, the following analysis steps are adopted:

  1. (1)

    The generation of surrogate data: First of all, the experimental signal is normalized. For the normalized signal, the noise intensity is set to be ρ = 0 : 0.01 : 0.2, then generates 5000 sets of surrogate data for each ρ value respectively by means of improved PPS.

The calculation of MD: The range of the surrogate data under each noise intensity is divided into 32 sections, that is 2c = 32, c = 5, then calculates the MD of each set of surrogate data. Finally, calculates the MD mean value of 5000 sets of surrogate data under each noise intensity.

  1. (2)

    Draws the figure for the data from step 2 and discuss its connotation.

4.3 Experimental results and discussion

4.3.1 The periodic signals

For three periodic signals, according to the experimental design, the surrogate data are generated separately, and then the corresponding MD values are calculated. After the above steps, the MD mean value curves of three sets of periodic sequences’ surrogate data under different noise intensity are shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4
figure 4

The MD mean value of three periodic signals’ surrogate data. The curves corresponding to the periodic signals remain stable at first, and when the noise exceeds a certain threshold, these curves begin to decline

According to Fig. 4, when the noise intensity ρ < 0.07, the values of the three curves are almost 1, and when the noise intensity ρ > 0.07, the values of the three curves begin to descend to varying degrees. For the periodic signal, when the added noise is small, the signal is still regular, and the complexity of the signal is not obviously changed. When the noise increases, the three curves range abilities are different, which is related to the structure of these signals. The λ values are 3.4, 3.84, and 3.5, and the periodic signals are double period, triple period, and three times period signal, respectively. With the increase of period multiplier, the structure of the periodic signal is more complex. The more complex the structure is, the more likely the signal is to be disturbed by noise. So in Fig. 4, when ρ > 0.07, the trend of the curve(λ = 3.4) is the slowest, while the trend of the curve (λ = 3.5) is the most intense.

4.3.2 The chaotic signals

Three chaotic signals in the first group are generated by the logistic model, and the MD mean value curves of these sequences’ surrogate data under different noise intensity are shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5
figure 5

The MD mean value of first group chaotic signals’ surrogate data. With the increase of noise, these curves decrease monotonously. The position of the curve in the figure is related to the complexity of the corresponding signal

Compared to Figs. 4 and 5, the trends of two sets of curves corresponding to periodic signals and chaotic signals are remarkably different. First, the initial value of the three curves in Fig. 5 is between [0.35,0.45], and the initial values of the three curves in Fig. 4 are all 1, which indicates that the complexity of the chaotic signal is much higher than that of the periodic signal. Second, with the increase of noise, three curves in Fig. 5 decrease monotonously. The λ value of the three signals in Fig. 5 can reflect the complexity of these signals. The higher the λ value, the more complex the signal is. Therefore, in Fig. 5, the curve corresponding to λ = 3.7 is at the top, the curve corresponding to λ = 3.8 is centered, and the curve corresponding to λ = 3.9 is at the bottom. When the noise is large enough, the three sets of surrogate data almost turn into random signals, so the MD mean values of these signals tend to be consistent.

The MD mean value curves corresponding to the three signals in the second group under different noise intensities are shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6
figure 6

The MD mean value of second group chaotic signals’ surrogate data. The curve trends of two groups of chaotic signals are highly consistent

Compared to Figs. 5 and 6, although the curve values of the six sets of signals are different, the curve characteristics are very similar. In particular, the corresponding curve characteristic of the traffic flow signal is consistent with those of other chaotic signals.

4.3.3 The random signals

The MD mean value curves of these random signal sequences’ surrogate data under different noise intensity are shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7
figure 7

The MD mean value of three random signals’ surrogate data. The increase of added noise has no effect on the complexity of random signal, and the curves in the figure remain flat from beginning to end

According to Fig. 7, the characteristic of random signals curves is obviously different from that of periodic signals and chaotic signals. The first value is smaller than the periodic signal and the chaotic signal, and with the increase of noise, the curve trend does not change significantly with the increase of noise. This is because the inherent complexity of the random signal is high, so the first value of MD is small; the noise complexity added in the original signal is not significantly different from the original random signal. As the noise increases, the MD value will not vary significantly, and the curve trend is relatively flat.

4.3.4 The comparison of three kinds of signals

In order to compare the difference of three kinds of signals, the vector angle is used as the similarity measurement. Each curve in Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7 is treated as a vector, and the similarity between curves can be measured by the vector angle. The parameter is defined as

$$ A=\operatorname{arccos}\frac{v1\cdotp v2}{\left\Vert v1\right\Vert \left\Vert v2\right\Vert } $$
(14)

In formula (14), v1 and v2 are two vectors, and the unit of A is degree. The smaller the A value is, the stronger the correlation between the vectors is.

Takes the Lorenz signal curve as the reference, calculates the vector angles of 12 curves in Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7, the data are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Curve similarity analysis

According to Table 1, the A values of chaotic signals are between [0, 3.5], which are significantly different from the A values of periodic signals and random signals. Therefore, the surrogate data MD mean value changing trend under different noise intensities can be used as a strong criterion for distinguishing types of signals. Meanwhile, it proves that traffic flow signal is a typical chaotic signal, which can be analyzed by chaotic theory. Of course, compared with the largest Lyapunov exponent and other parameters, the criterion proposed in this paper is relatively vague, and further work is needed.

5 Conclusion

In this paper, a WSN-based traffic data collection scheme is proposed, which is low cost and low power. The scheme can collect vehicle speed and position information accurately and timely and lays a foundation for traffic flow analysis. Then a method based on incremental noise addition is proposed for the chaotic identification of traffic flow signal. PPS is used to add noise incrementally to the analyzed signal, and the MD mean value is used as a measurement for the complexity of the signal. It is found that, for different types of signals, the complexity trends of surrogate data under each noise intensity are different. For the periodic signal, when the noise intensity is small, the MD mean value of surrogate data is stable; when the noise intensity is larger than a threshold, the MD mean value starts to decrease gradually. For the chaotic signal, such as traffic flow, the first MD mean value is obviously smaller than the periodic signal, and as the increase of noise intensity, the MD mean value keeps decreasing monotonously. For the random signal, the MD mean value keeps at a low value. Therefore, as the noise intensity increases, the trend of MD mean values is an effective criterion for distinguishing various types of signals. Of course, although parameter A is used to try to quantify the criteria presented in this paper, the criterion is more inclined to a qualitative criterion than a quantitative one. Further research is needed to make extensive use of the criterion.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable

Abbreviations

ISM:

Industrial, scientific and medical

MD:

Mean value of delayed mutual information

PPS:

Pseudo-periodic surrogate data method

SPI:

Serial peripheral interface

WSN:

Wireless sensor network

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Funding

The work was supported by special innovation projects of universities in Guangdong Province, China (No.2018KTSCX), Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2018JJ2097).

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HW is the main author of the current paper. HW contributed to the development of the ideas, design of the study, theory, result analysis, and paper writing. MO contributed to the result analysis and paper revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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HW received his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Hunan University, China, in 2009. From 2010 to 2012, he was an electrical design engineer of Guangdong electric design institute, China. From 2012 till now, he is a lecturer at University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute.

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Correspondence to Huan Wang.

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Wang, H., Ouyang, M., Meng, Q. et al. A traffic data collection and analysis method based on wireless sensor network. J Wireless Com Network 2020, 2 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-019-1628-5

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